Psyc Unit 3 Development and learning

Nature & Nurture

Interaction between genetic inheritance (nature) and life experiences (nurture) in shaping development.

Continuity Theories

The idea that development occurs gradually and steadily over time.

Stages Theories

Theories proposing that development occurs in distinct and sudden shifts between phases.

Stability & Change

Examines which psychological traits remain consistent over life and which evolve

Temperament

A person’s natural style of reacting to the world, including mood, activity level, and adaptability.

Easy Temperament

Regular routines, positive mood, and adaptability.

Difficult Temperament

Irregular routines, negative mood, and difficulty adapting.

Slow-to-Warm-Up Temperament

Low activity, cautious behavior, and gradual adjustment to new situations.

Longitudinal Research

Studying the same individuals over long periods to observe developmental change.

Cross-Sectional Research

Studying different age groups at a single time to compare developmental differences.

Prenatal Development

Growth and development of a baby from conception to birth.

Teratogens

Harmful substances that can cause birth defects or developmental issues during prenatal development.

Reflexes

Automatic, instinctive responses newborns are born with.

Rooting Reflex

Infant turns head toward cheek touch in preparation for feeding.

Maturation

Biologically programmed growth processes that unfold in a predictable order, largely unaffected by experience.

Developmental Milestones

Typical skills or behaviors that most children achieve at certain ages.

Sensitive Period

A time when the brain is especially receptive to learning certain skills.

Fine Motor Coordination

Control of small muscles used for precise actions.

Gross Motor Coordination

Control of large muscles used for major movements like running or jumping.

Visual Cliff

An experimental setup used to test infants’ depth perception.

Puberty

Period of physical and hormonal changes that lead to sexual maturity.

Adolescent Growth Spurt

Rapid increase in height and weight during puberty.

Menopause