Growth Adaptations, Cellular Injury, Cell Death, and Systemic Pathology

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering growth adaptations, cellular injury, inflammation, hemostasis, and fundamental pathology principles for medical exam review.

Permanent tissues like cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and nerve cannot make new cells and undergo __________ only in response to stress.

hypertrophy

In ubiquitin-proteosome degradation, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton are "tagged" with __________ and destroyed by proteosomes.

ubiquitin

Metaplasia of the thin squamous lining of the conjunctiva into stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium due to Vitamin A deficiency is called __________.

keratomalacia

The hallmark of reversible cellular injury is __________.

cellular swelling

Mitochondrial membrane damage allows __________ to leak into the cytosol, which activates apoptosis.

cytochrome c

The morphologic hallmark of cell death is loss of the nucleus, which occurs via nuclear condensation (pyknosis), fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and dissolution (__________).

karyolysis

__________ necrosis is characteristic of ischemic infarction of all organs except the brain.

Coagulative

Liquefactive necrosis in the brain is mediated by proteolytic enzymes from __________.

microglial cells

The chalky-white appearance of necrotic adipose tissue is due to the deposition of calcium in a process called __________.

saponification

Primary amyloidosis is the systemic deposition of AL amyloid, which is derived from __________.

immunoglobulin light chain

Secondary amyloidosis is due to systemic deposition of AA amyloid derived from __________.

serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)

Cyclooxygenase produces prostaglandins, where __________ and __________ specifically mediate vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

$PGI_2$, $PGD_2$, and $PGE_2$

The cardinal sign of inflammation called "warmth" (calor) is due to vasodilation mediated by histamine, prostaglandins, and __________.

bradykinin

In the rolling step of neutrophil arrival, P-selectin is released from __________.

Weibel-Palade bodies

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is most commonly due to an autosomal recessive defect of the __________ subunit of integrins.

$$CD18$$

The __________ test is used to screen for Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) by checking if NADPH oxidase can convert oxygen to superoxide.

nitroblue tetrazolium

Activation of $CD4^+$ helper T cells requires binding of the TCR complex to antigen presented on __________.

MHC class II

The presence of __________ on a lip biopsy is a diagnostic criterion for Sjögren syndrome.

lymphocytic sialadenitis

In wound healing, granules of granulation tissue consist of capillaries, myofibroblasts, and fibroblasts that deposit __________.

type III collagen

The normal kappa to lambda light chain ratio in B lymphocytes is __________; a ratio greater than $6:1$ indicates lymphoma.

$$3:1$$

Platelets bind to von Willebrand factor (vWF) using the __________ receptor.

GPIb

The best screening test for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is an elevated __________ level.

D-dimer

In Iron Deficiency Anemia, the laboratory findings include a low ferritin, a low percent saturation, and an increased __________.

TIBC

Sickle cell anemia involves an autosomal recessive mutation in the beta chain where glutamic acid is replaced by __________.

valine

The Philadelphia chromosome, associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), is a translocation of __________.

$$t(9;22)$$