Anatomy and Physiology: Unit 1

Chapter's 1,3,4 and 5.

Describe the difference between anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy is the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another. Physiology is the function of body parts and how they work.

Describe the anatomical position.

Body erect, feet slightly apart, and palms facing forward with thumbs away from the body.

What is the Integumentary system?

It includes the hair, skin, and nails. It forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injuries. Body sweats and produce oil.

What is the Skeletal system?

It includes joints and bones. It protects and supports the body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.

What is the Muscular system?

It includes the skeletal muscles. It manipulates the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. It also maintains posture, and produces heat.

What is the Nervous system?

It includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It responds to internal and external change by activating appropriate muscles and glands. It’s the control system of the body.

What is the Endocrine system?

It includes the thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis, pituitary and pineal gland. The glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.

What is the Cardiovascular system?

It includes the heart and blood vessels. Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and waste. It also pumps heart with blood.

What is the Lymphatic/Immunity system?

It includes red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen and etc. It picks us fluid from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.

What is the Respiratory system?

It includes the nasal, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, and bronchus. It keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes CO2.

What is the Digestive system?

It includes oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, rectum, intestines, and anus. This system breaks down food into absorbable units that center blood for distribution and indigestible foods are eliminated into feces.

What is the Urinary system?

It includes kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. It eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body and regulates water, electrolyte, and balance of blood.

The Male/Females Reproduction system?

It includes prosate, penis, testis, mammary glands, ovary, vagina, and etc. The function is to produce sperm and male sex hormone and for the male ducts and gland aids to deliver to the female reproductive tract.

Superior(cranial)

Towards the head or upper body.

Inferior(caudal)

Away from the head end and toward the lower body.

Anterior(ventral)

Towards the front half of the body.

Posterior(dorsal)

Towards the back half of the body.

Medial

Towards the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment.

Distal

Further from the origin of the body part.

Superfical

Towards or at the body surface.

Deep

Away from the body surface

Axial

Includes head, neck and trunk.

Appendicular

Includes limbs. (arms and legs)

Sagittal plane

Divides the body vertical(left and right)

Mid-sagittal plane

Cut directly on the midline of body

Para-sagittal plane

Cut off centered of midline

Frontal plane

Divides the body in two front and back

Transverse plane

Divides the body horizontal.

Oblique plane

Divides at an angle other than 90 degree

Which organs occupy the thoracic cavity?

Heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.

Which organs occupy the pelvic cavity?

Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Which organs are occupy the abdominal cavity?

Stomach, spleen, liver, and large/small intestines

Difference between parietal and visceral membranes

Parietal lines the internal body cavity walls.

Visceral covers the internal organs.

What unit of measurement is used in describing cell size?

Micrometers

What is tissue?

A group of cells similar in structure that performs common functions.

What is nervous tissue?

The internal communication it includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What is muscle tissue?

It contracts to cause movement, it includes muscles connected to bones, heart and walls of hollow organs.

What is the epithelial tissue?

It protects us from different environments, secrets and absorbs filters. It includes skin surface, glands, and lining of digestive tract.

What is connective tissue?

It supports, protects, and binds other tissues together. It includes bones, tendons, and fat and soft tissue.

Difference between serous and mucous fluid?

Serous fluid rests on thin areolar connective tissue and mucous lines body cavities that are open to exterior.

What is skeletal muscle?

Voluntary movement, and manipulation of the environment like facial expressions. Attached to the bones or skin.

What is cardiac muscle?

It contracts, and propels blood into circulation. It is involuntary control located in the walls of the heart.

What is smooth muscle?

It propels substances or objects along internal passageways. Like the stomach

What is nervous tissue?

It generates and conducts nerve impulses and supports cells and protect neurons.

Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands?

The difference between the two types is that exocrine secrete products into blood and endocrine glands secrete products outside of the body.

Explain how exocrine glands are classified?

Classified according to their mode of secretion and structure.

Name the major parts of the cell.

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

What is diffusion?

Gas molecules moving from high to low concentration.

What is facilitated diffusion?

The passive movement of molecules or ions across a plasma membrane by means of a transport protein in the plasma membrane.

What is osmosis?

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

What is isotonic solution?

No water movement across the cell membrane because the concentration of the ions are equal in and out the cell.

What is hypertonic solution?

Water moves out of cell due to higher concentration outside than inside.

What is hypotonic solution?

Water moves into the cell due to lower concentration outside the cell.

What is apoptosis?

The process of programmed cell death, it causes certain cells to neatly destruct.

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What is the function of the sebaceous gland?

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To secrete a fatty and oil substance called sebum which keeps the hair and skin soft, pliable, and waterproof.

What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

It helps with maintaining a normal body temperature with help of the adipose tissue.

What are the major components of blood?

Plasma, red blood cells(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.

State the general functions of the cytoplasm and nucleus?

Cytoplasm is the intracellular fluid packed with organelles.

Nucleus is an organelle that controls cellular activities.

How do lysosomes function?

Intracellular digestion

What is chromatin?

Granular, thread like material composed of DNA and histone proteins

What is the function of the nucleolus?

The primary function is to produce and assemble cell ribosomes.

Describe the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum’s

Rough ER are sugar groups attached to proteins within the cisterns. Bounded in vesicles for transport to the golgi apparatus.

Smooth ER is the site of lipids and steroids(cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and etc.

Describe how the golgi apparatus functions

It packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes… it modifies carbohydrates on proteins.

What is pinocytosis?

Pinocytosis is when plasma membrane sinks beneath an external fluid droplet containing small solutes.

What is phagocytosis?

A large external particle surrounded by pseudopod and becomes enclosed in a vesicle.

Why is the mitochondria called the “powerhouses” of the cell?

It is responsible for extracting energy from food through cellular respiration in the form of ATP.

Explain how the epithelial tissue is classified?

It has two parts just like a first and last name. The first name indicates the number of cell layers present. The second describes it’s shape of the cells.

What are the different levels of a human body?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal.

What are the characteristics of life?

Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, and Growth.

Describe two homeostatic mechanisms?

Positive feedback is the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.

Negative feedback is the most used mechanism it’s response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus.

Describe the nine regions of the abdomen

Umbilical region, epigastric, pubic or hypogastric, right and left inguinal regions, right and left lumbar or lateral region, and the right and left hypochondriac regions.

Explain how the names of the abdominal quadrants explain their locations.

The abdominal is split into a transverse and a median plane through the umbilicus at right angles. Right upper quant, right lower quant, left upper quant, and left lower quant.

What is a selectively permeable membrane?

A membrane that allows only some substances and molecules to pass into or leave the cell.

Describe the chemical structure of the cell membrane.

It includes a double layer of phospholipids within which cholesterol and proteins are embedded. The hydrophilic head faces the environment and the fatty acid tails are in the center.

How does microtubules function?

It supports the cell and gives it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements.

How does microfilaments function?

It’s involved in muscle concentration and other types of intracellular movement, help form the cell’s cytoskeleton.

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Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle: interphase and mitosis.

Mitosis is the process of nuclear division in which the chromosomes are distributed to two daughter nuclei. With cytokinesis it produces two identical daughter cells.

Interphase is the period of cell’s life when it carries out it’s normal metabolic activities and grows. It’s not in mitosis.

What is the function of melanin?

It provides skin color and protects against the damaging effects of the ultraviolet radiation.

Describe the structure of the nail bed.

The nail bed is made up of specialized epithelial cells continuous with the epithelium of the skin.

What produces goosebumps?

Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes goose bumps.

What is the tissue response to inflammation?

Blood vessels dilate and fluids leak into the damaged tissues.

What types of tissues make up the dermis?

Areolar connective tissue

Name the tissues in the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin?

Areolar and adipose tissues.

Name the tissues in the inner and outer layers of the skin?

The epidermis and the dermis.

How do genetic factors influence skin color?

Genes control the amount of melanin in the melanocytes produce.

How do physiological factors influence skin color?

Oxygenated blood and dilated blood vessels redden the skin. Carotenes may turn the skin yellowish. Disease also affects skin color.

Which environmental factors that influence skin color?

Ultraviolet light from the sun, sun lamps, and x-rays.

What is the difference between thin and thick skin?

Thick skin have 5 strata and it is in the palms of your hands and soles of your feet. Thin skin only use 3 or 4 of the strata but not the stratum lucidum. It also has hair that covers the body.

What are neurons?

The structural and functional cells reacting to the chemical and physical changes in the environment.

What is neuroglia?

The supporting cells necessary for nourishing and maintaining the neurons, among other functions.

What is the function of fibroblast?

To produce fibers by secreting proteins into extracellular matrix of connective tissues.

What are the characteristics of collagen and elastic?

Collagen the major structural protein; great tensil strength can resist a lot of force. Elastin is weaker than collagen but very flexible.

What are the functions of the adipose tissue?

It provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects organs.

Describe the general characteristics of cartilage

A supportive bendy substance composed of chondrocytes.

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What is eccrine or merocrine glands?

Sweat glands that has temperature control and antibacterial properties.

What is apocrine glands?

Sexual scent glands

What is sebaceous glands?

To lubricate the skin, help prevent water loss, and has antibacterial properties.

Distinguish between the layers in the epidermis

Stratum corneum is the most superficial layer it includes 20-30 layers of dead cells.

Stratum granulosum is one to five layers of flatten cells, deteriorating oraganelles.

Stratum spinosum has several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes.

Stratum basale is the deepest layer filled with cells.