Health Promotions Across The LifeSpan Chapter 1 &2

NUR 140 Dr.Nelson TCNJ

At Risk Groups

Populations who experience a higher risk for poor health outcomes and face barriers to accessing health care

common groups

low income individuals, homeless persons, migrant farmworkers, the mentally ill, chronically ill patients, and minority groups

root causes

poverty, lack of social power, environmental risks, and systemic health disparities

health disparities

differences int he incidence, prevalence, and mortality of diseases among specific populaiton groups

social detriments of health

economic stability, education, social context, neighborhood environment, and food security that heavily infulence individual health

harm reduction

a practical public health approach that works with individuals to reduce he negative consequences of high risk behaviors when immediate abstinence is not realistic

building trust

establishing a non judgmental, empathetic therapeutic relationship to encourage engagement

tailored care

adapting health education and interventions to fit the client's cultural beliefs, literacy level, and living situation

poverty and environment

How physical living conditions, lack of nutritious food, and chronic stress negatively impact long-term health trajectories across generations

health equity

highest level of health for all people-eliminate disparities

common obstacles of health care

race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, disability, socioeconomic status, religion, mental health, and geographic location

issues predisposing of vulnerability

language and cultural differences, discrimination, racism, lack of financial resources

culture and cultural respect

languages, customs, beliefs, rules, arts, knowledge, and developed by a social group make life meaningful

values

belief about the worth of something, standards which influence behavior and thinking

value orientation

values learned and shared through socialization, reflect "personality type" of particular society

culture has effect on

health, healing, wellness belief systems, perceived causes of illness and disease, behaviors of seeking health care, attitudes toward health care providers

cultural and linguistic competency

ability to be respective and responsive to needs of a diverse population
cultural and linguistic services- major element in eliminating disparities

immigrants

include all foreign-born residents
- decline in economic stability and social support
- cultural and language barriers

unauthorized immigrants

persons who entered country without legal status or stayed beyond limits of visa or permit

refugee

immigrant who is unwilling or unable to return to country of origin
- additional trauma due to violence, brutality, poverty, and religious persecution in country of origin

folk healing practices

Reflect beliefs, values, treatment of cultural group
unlicensed: lay midwives, herbalists, spiritualists

holistic approach

incorporates family and support system in care
considers patient viewpoint

Arab American

health concerns and care issues
- adult onset diabetes mellitus
- coronary artery disease
- role of acculturation
-mental health
- teenage smoking

Asian Americans

"model minority"
value education
Health concerns and issues: hesitancy to seek early diagnosis/screening, higher rate of tuberculosis, mental health problems due to adjustment issues, lower rate of obesity, hypertension

Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders

Strong body of knowledge is lacking
Higher rates of obesity, smoking, and ETOH
Leading cause of death: cancer, hearth, CVA, DM, accidents
Prevalent Diseases:HIV, hep B, TB
approach health from holistic perspective

Latino and Hispanic Americans

High rates of poverty, highest rate uninsured
Health vulnerabilities:higher incidence
- stomach cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, HIV
- lack access to preventative care

Blacks?African Americans

Barriers to care: poverty, lack of health insurance, inadequate or unsafe environments
Select health-related cultural aspects: centered on family and religion, family needs to be involved in care, churches important in promoting health, use traditional healing approaches
Home remedies

Native Americans/Alaskan Natives

lower education and income levels compared to other groups
Health concerns and care issues: linked to social and economic conditions, smoking, substance abuse, obesity, deaths:unintentional injuries, liver disease, cancer homicide, suicide, pneumonia, diabetes, CVA, high risk and poor outcomes with Covid-19

LGBTQ Persons

Stigma, discrimination, lack of access
some states deny coverage for gender affirming care

Poverty and Homelessness

Negative impact to healthcare access
mental illness, substance abuse, food insecurity, infection, violence/injury, poor access to care
Health concerns and care issues: basic survival issues, pneumonia, TB, HIV disease are widespread, dental and vision problems, mental health issues significant contributing factor, substance abuse: both cause and consequence
Barriers to care: Lack of access; lack of ID, lack of transportation, affordability issues, lack of health insurance, lack of knowledge of where to obtain care

Nursing Response to Vulnerable Populations

Commitment to provide service regardless of background or situation
nurses are responsible to provide for culturally competent care

reflexex

built-in reactions to stimuli; automatic and inborn

gross motor skills

large-muscles activités

Simple reflexes (rooting sucking, and grasping reflexes, newborns such reflexively when their lips touch)

birth to one

First habits and primary circular reactions (coordination of sensation and two types of schemes:habits and primary circular reactions. Repeating a body sensation first experienced by chance (sucking thumb); then sucking their thumb differently from how they suck on a nipple)

1 to 4 months

Secondary circular reactions: Infants become more object oriented, moving beyond self-preoccupation; repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results. (coos to make a person stay nearby)

4 to 8 months

Coordination of secondary circular reactions: coordination of vision and touch-hand eye coordination; coordination of schemes and intentionality

8 to 12 months

Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity: Infants become more intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects; they experiment with new behavior. ( a block can be made to fall, spin, hit another object, and slide across the ground)

12 to 18 months

Internalization of Schemes: infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form enduring mental representations. (An infant who has never thrown a temper tantrum before sees a playmate throw a tantrum; the infant retains a memory of the event, the throws one himself the next day

18 to 24 months

Stage 1: trust vs mistrust

birth to 18 months
conflict: learning if the world is safe and reliable
outcome: developing hope when caregivers meet basic needs consistently or mistrust if care is unreliable

Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

18 months to 3 years
Conflict: gaining physical control and independence
outcome: developing will and self confidence through encouragement, or through shame and doubt due to over control

Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt

3 to 5 years
conflict: asserting control over the environment and social play
outcome: developing purpose and leadership, guilt if initiative is criticized or restricted

Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority

6 to 11 years
Conflict: coping with new social and academic demands
outcome: developing competence through mastering, or inferiority when falling short of expectations

Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion

12 to 18 years
conflict: searching for a sense of self and personal direction
outcome:developing fidelity and clear identity or role confusion about values and future goals

Stage 6: Intimacy vs Isolation

19 to 40
Conflict: forming deep committed bonds with others
Outcome: developing love and meaningful relationships, or emotional isolation and loneliness

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

40 to 65
Conflict: contributing to the next generation and community
Outcome: Developing care and a sense of productivity, or stagnation and feeling stuck

Stage 8: Integrity vs Despair

65 to Death
Conflict: Reflecting back on life
Outcome: Developing wisdom and fulfillment, or despair and regret over missed opportunities

At risk groups

Populations who experience a higher risk for poor health outcomes and face barriers to accessing health care

common groups

Low income individuals, homeless persons, migrant farmworkers, the mentally ill, chronically ill patients, and minority groups

root causes

poverty, lack of social power, environmental risks, and systemic health disparities

health disparities

differences in the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of diseases among specific population groups

Social Determinants of Health

Economic stability, education, social context, neighborhood environment, and food security that heavily influence individual health

Harm Reduction

a practical public health approach that works with individuals to reduce he negative consequences of high risk behaviors when immediate abstinence is not realistic

building trust

establishing a non judgmental, empathetic therapeutic relationship to encourage engagement

tailored care

adapting health education and interventions to fit the client's cultural beliefs, literacy level, and living situation

poverty and environment

How physical living conditions, lack of nutritious food, and chronic stress negatively impact long-term health trajectories across generations

health equity

highest level of health for all people-eliminate disparities

Common obstacles of health care equity

race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, disability, socioeconomic status, religion, mental health, and geographic location

Issues predisposing of vulnerability

language and cultural differences, discrimination, racism, lack of financial resources

culture and cultural respect

languages, customs, beliefs, rules, arts, knowledge, and developed by a social group make life meaningful

values

belief about the worth of something, standards which influence behavior and thinking

values orientation

values learned and shared through socialization, reflect "personality type" of particular society

Culture has effects on

health, healing, wellness belief systems, perceived causes of illness and disease, behaviors of seeking health care, attitudes toward health care providers

Cultural and linguistic competency

ability to be respective and responsive to needs of a diverse population
cultural and linguistic services- major element in eliminating disparities

immigrants

include all foreign-born residents
- decline in economic stability and social support
- cultural and language barriers

unauthorized Immigrants

persons who entered country without legal status or stayed beyond limits of visa or permit

refugee

immigrant who is unwilling or unable to return to country of origin
- additional trauma due to violence, brutality, poverty, and religious persecution in country of origin

Folk Healing Practices

Reflect beliefs, values, treatment of cultural group
unlicensed: lay midwives, herbalists, spiritualists

ethnocentrism

viewing other ways as inferior or unnatural obstacle in therapeutic provider-patient relationships

Holistic approach

incorporates family and support system in care considers patient viewpoint