8a. Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

is made up of a

network of glands

<p>network of <strong>glands </strong></p>
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<p><strong>Glands</strong></p><p>produce + secrete? </p>

Glands

produce + secrete?

hormones

<p><strong>hormones</strong></p>
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Hormones

are chemical signals that help with

  • growth and development

  • metabolism

  • reproduction

  • mood

  • etc.

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what is the Master Gland of the endocrine system?

pituitary gland

<p><strong>pituitary gland</strong></p>
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<p><strong>Pituitary Gland</strong></p><p>is the</p><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcIe3dMwbAFsqxsQgfjIyZ90nD5qpQ1V9tc8BeWkEX_xVHlvOzC9PYYxjvhbI2c_P4nSPWigG2F29gnHZEtMTItx7yy1tE6-S-unz5afBhErLExmxZOkisbxngh1P4cp_b0jQoiGw?key=0NmS09b7DSVt44FZoYhqRUdh" data-width="25%" data-align="center"><p></p>

Pituitary Gland

is the

master gland of the endocrine system

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why?

pituitary gland can

signal MANY glands that secrete their OWN hormones

<p><strong>signal </strong><span style="color: blue"><strong>MANY</strong></span><strong> glands </strong>that secrete their OWN hormones</p>
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Pituitary Gland

stucture?

  • anterior pituitary gland

  • posterior pituitary gland

<ul><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>anterior</strong></span><strong> pituitary gland</strong></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>posterior</strong></span><strong> pituitary gland </strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>does each part secrete <span style="color: blue"><strong>different</strong></span> hormones? </p>

does each part secrete different hormones?

yes!

( more details on next flashcard set )

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Growth Hormone ( GH )

helps

stimulate

  • cell division

  • bone growth

<p><strong>stimulate</strong></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>cell division </strong></span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>bone growth</strong></span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p><strong>Thyroid Gland</strong></p><p>produces </p>

Thyroid Gland

produces

  • Thyroxine ( T4 )

  • Calcitonin

<ul><li><p><strong>Thyroxine ( T<sub>4</sub> )</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Calcitonin</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thyroxine

helps

regulate metabolism

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Calcitonin

helps

regulate calcium levels in the blood

- decreases calcium

<p><strong>regulate</strong> <span style="color: blue"><strong>calcium levels</strong></span> in the <strong>blood</strong></p><p><span style="color: red"><strong>- decreases calcium </strong></span></p>
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<p><strong>Parathyroid Gland</strong> ( on backside of thyroid ) </p><p>produces </p>

Parathyroid Gland ( on backside of thyroid )

produces

parathyroid hormone

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Parathyroid Hormone

helps

regulate calcium levels in the blood

+ increases calcium

<p><strong>regulate</strong> <span style="color: blue"><strong>calcium levels </strong></span>in the <strong>blood</strong></p><p><span style="color: green"><strong>+ increases calcium </strong></span></p><p></p>
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<p><u>notice</u></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>calcitonin</strong></span><strong> </strong><span style="color: red"><strong>decreases</strong></span><strong> calcium</strong> in blood</p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>parathyroid hormone</strong></span><strong> </strong><span style="color: green"><strong>increases</strong></span><strong> calcium</strong> in blood</p></li></ul><p></p>

notice

  • calcitonin decreases calcium in blood

  • parathyroid hormone increases calcium in blood

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Thymus Gland

produces

thymosin

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Thymosin

helps

develop t-cells

( for immune system! )

<p><strong>develop</strong> <span style="color: blue"><strong>t-cells</strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">( for immune system</span>! )</p>
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<p><strong>Adrenal Gland’s </strong><span style="color: blue"><strong>Medulla</strong></span><strong> Region </strong></p><p>produces</p><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXd1YHDPiK6fOYr9ZRdjmaaWL123ftBx2hdrDc13v7AT6F6GSmkKtyuwEcw6_TZq7KjJs3i6H-A6zGJabfLgodI5-qDzUmQamWiqlhwckPR3tHXTc0qZSZMu9CrdKVUVTTBJM3nEOw?key=X-mcL7cF3rR3Ea-ljLhXOFRU" data-width="25%" data-align="center"><p></p>

Adrenal Gland’s Medulla Region

produces

  • epinephrine ( adrenaline )

  • norepinephrine ( noradrenaline )

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  • Epinephrine

  • Norepinephrine

help

regulate “fight or flight” ( sympathetic ) response

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<p><strong>Pancreas</strong></p><p>produces</p>

Pancreas

produces

  • insulin

  • glucagon

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Insulin

helps

lower blood sugar level

<p><span style="color: red"><strong>lower</strong></span> <span style="color: blue"><strong>blood sugar level </strong></span></p>
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Glucagon

helps

raise blood sugar level

<p><span style="color: green"><strong>raise</strong></span><span style="color: blue"><strong> blood sugar level</strong></span></p>
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<p><strong>Ovaries</strong></p><p>produce</p>

Ovaries

produce

  • estrogen

  • progesterone

<ul><li><p><strong>estrogen</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>progesterone </strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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  • estrogen

  • progesterone

helps

regulate the menstrual cycle

<p>regulate the<span style="color: blue"><strong> menstrual cycle</strong></span></p><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXeCboqtMCt24Y71YO0A5KCD8I3xE6VPEWHtUtbK0sxKeRbPAkl0ofPhe5bGIbaJHrqAkkdv55reVmHWS4StV7x8eJ246L5BYIRfGd6vVKP7EW6hlubZTeuIvRBpUfe8suQRlTsm4w?key=0NmS09b7DSVt44FZoYhqRUdh" data-width="25%" data-align="center"><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXc0ZcxrmS5YpytKJvzVjkImE0Yjr9TgQB3lL1qUE_HmnTj28kvuGOBt6s2NiMQ_MXCgNKlpfxyjhWdiZQbGjZ88ToRQVdIQ2X9OrpnWpC5kiq31HjLWpiR_cFEWuY387RYN3sHy1g?key=0NmS09b7DSVt44FZoYhqRUdh" data-width="25%" data-align="center"><p></p>
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<p><strong>Testes</strong></p><p>produce</p>

Testes

produce

testosterone

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Testosterone

helps

  • produce sperm

  • develop male sex characteristics

<ul><li><p><span style="color: green"><strong>produce</strong></span> <span style="color: blue"><strong>sperm</strong></span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: green"><strong>develop</strong></span> <span style="color: blue"><strong>male sex characteristics</strong></span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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2 Types of Hormone Structure?

  • Lipid Based Hormone ( non-polar/ fat soluble )

  • Water-Soluble Hormone ( polar )

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<p><strong>note:</strong></p><p>this topic was mentioned into physiology!!</p><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>exact flashcards set:</strong></span><strong> Signal Transduction ( 7b )</strong></p>

note:

this topic was mentioned into physiology!!

exact flashcards set: Signal Transduction ( 7b )

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Lipid Based Hormones ( aka Steroids )

are made of

Cholesterol

<p><strong>Cholesterol </strong></p>
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Lipid Based Hormones

examples?

  • Estrogen

  • Testosterone

( remember in physiology we learned cholesterol is the basic building block for other steroids )

<ul><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Estrogen</strong></span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Testosterone</strong></span></p></li></ul><p><sub>( remember in physiology we learned cholesterol is the basic building block for other steroids )</sub></p>
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Lipid Based Hormones

are _______ in water

Lipid Based Hormones

are insoluble in water

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reminder

blood contains plasma that’s high in water!

( hormones travel in blood stream )

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Lipid Based Hormones

are transported in the blood by

carrier proteins

<p><strong>carrier proteins</strong></p>
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Lipid Based Hormones

receptor of target cell is

intracellular

( crosses membrane → binds DIRECTLY to DNA IN THE NUCLEUS )

<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>intracellular</strong></span></p><p>( crosses membrane → binds DIRECTLY to DNA <strong>IN THE NUCLEUS </strong>)</p>
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<p><u>reminder</u></p><p>cell membrane is made of a <strong>phospho</strong><span style="color: blue"><strong>LIPID</strong></span> bilayer</p><p><strong>( non-polar / fat soluble )!! </strong></p>

reminder

cell membrane is made of a phosphoLIPID bilayer

( non-polar / fat soluble )!!

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Water Soluble Hormone

are made of

amino acids

<p><strong>amino acids</strong></p>
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Water Soluble Hormone

include

  • epinephrine

  • norepinephrine

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Water Soluble Hormone

are _______ in water

Water-Soluble Hormone

are soluble in water

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Water Soluble Hormone

are transported in the blood by

diffusion

<p><strong>diffusion</strong></p><p></p>
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Water Soluble Hormones

receptor of target cell is

on the cell surface

<p>on the <span style="color: blue"><strong>cell surface </strong></span></p>
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Exception!

Thyroid Hormone is made of __________ but is works like a ________ hormone

Thyroid Hormone is made of amino acids but is works like a lipid-based hormone

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Homeostasis

is the

process to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

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what 2 mechanisms help maintain homeostasis?

  • Positive Feedback Mechanism

  • Negative Feedback Mechanism

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Positive Feedback

will ______ the change ( stimulus )

Positive Feedback

will amplify the change

( stimulus )

in a given direction

<p><strong>Positive Feedback</strong></p><p>will <span style="color: green"><strong>amplify</strong></span> the change </p><p>( stimulus )</p><p><strong>in a given direction</strong></p>
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example of positive feedback?

childbirth

release of oxytocin

amplifies the change

( fetus pushing on cervix )

by causing uterus to contract more

<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>childbirth</strong></span></p><p>release of <strong>oxytocin</strong> </p><p>amplifies the change </p><p><strong>( fetus pushing on cervix )</strong></p><p><strong> </strong>by causing uterus to contract more</p>
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Negative Feedback

will ______ the change ( stimulus )

or _______

Negative Feedback

will reverse the change

( stimulus )

or slow it down

<p><strong>Negative Feedback</strong></p><p>will <span style="color: red"><strong>reverse</strong></span> the change </p><p>( stimulus )</p><p>or <span style="color: red"><strong>slow it down</strong></span></p>
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example of negative feedback?

insulin

  • decreases / reverses increase of blood sugar

<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>insulin</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: red"><strong>decreases / reverses </strong></span><span style="color: #000000"><strong>increase</strong></span><strong> of blood sugar </strong></p><p></p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p><u>practice question</u></p><p><strong>Which hormone can cross the cell membrane and bind directly to DNA?</strong></p><ul><li><p>epinephrine</p></li><li><p>cortisol </p></li></ul><p></p>

practice question

Which hormone can cross the cell membrane and bind directly to DNA?

  • epinephrine

  • cortisol

cortisol

( lipid soluble hormone )

<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>cortisol </strong></span></p><p>( lipid soluble hormone ) </p>