Chemical Reactions (copy)

What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

The number and arrangement of valence electrons.

What do elements in the same column of the periodic table have in common?

They have similar chemical properties.

What is a chemical compound?

A chemical compound consists of atoms of 2 or more elements.

How do atoms combine to form a molecule?

Atoms join together very strongly as a stable particle.

What are the three types of chemical formulas?

Simplest, Molecular, and Structural.

What is an example of a simplest formula?

H2O.

What does a molecular formula represent?

The composition of a molecule, which remains the same.

What does a structural formula describe?

The types, number, and arrangement of atoms in the molecule.

What is molecular mass?

The sum of the atomic masses of atoms in a molecule.

What is the typical format of chemical reactions?

Reactants are on the left, and products are on the right.

What is a dynamic equilibrium in a chemical reaction?

It occurs when the forward and reverse rates of the reaction are equal.

What are redox reactions?

Reactions involving electron transfer from one substance to another.

What is oxidation?

The loss of one or more electrons by an atom, ion, or molecule.

What is reduction?

The gain of one or more electrons by an atom, ion, or molecule.

Why do redox reactions occur simultaneously?

Electrons are not easily removed from covalent compounds.

What are hydrogen bonds?

Weak attractions that tend to form between atoms with a partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to oxygen or nitrogen.

What is the significance of water in organisms?

It constitutes a major part of an organism's mass and is vital for numerous biological processes.

What property of water contributes to its effectiveness as a solvent?

Water is polar, facilitating interactions with hydrophilic substances.

What is cohesion?

The sticking together of like molecules, such as water molecules.

What is adhesion?

The sticking together of different molecules, which is why water makes clothes wet.

What is kinetic energy?

The energy of motion, which increases as temperature increases.

What is specific heat?

The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of water.

What is the heat of vaporization?

The amount of energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance from liquid to vapor.

What happens to water as it freezes?

Water expands and has 10% lower density in solid form than in liquid form.

What are acids?

Substances that dissociate in solution to yield hydrogen ions and act as proton donors.

What are bases?

Substances that dissociate to yield hydroxide ions and act as proton acceptors.