SWK MENTAL HEALTH FINAL EXAM

what is an anxiety disorder?

a mood state wherein a person anticipates future danger or misfortune w/ apprehension (most common & frequently recurring mental disorders)

what is separation anxiety?

when anxiety persists past a certain age or significantly impacts activities & causes problems that either affects the child’s ability to engage in ordinary activites

• trauma could be a contributing factor (SA, death, environment changes, PA)

what are some symptoms of separation anxiety?

• intense fears that keep them from normal activities & well beyond developmentally appropriate

• individual becomes agitated at the thought of being away from a parent

• characterized by an extreme fear & significant distress about being away from home/family that affects social/academic functions

• symptoms must last for 4 weeks minimum for children & 6 months+ for adults

• headaches/stomaches, nightmares, dizziness, nausea, &/or palpitations

what is a specific phobia?

a person becomes engulfed in a phobic episode where they feel inundated by overwhelming terror that obscures all other experiences

• in the severest form the phobia becomes incapacitating

• features: sweating, racing heart, choking feeling, & trembling

what are the symptoms of a specific phobia?

• any persistent, unreasonable, & irrational fear of a specific object or situation that causes intense distress that provokes an immediate response

• actively avoids object/situation w/fear & anxiety to actual dangers posed

• last for 6 months+ interfere w/a a person’s capability to function well

what are the 4 major types of phobias?

• animal

• natural environment

• blood-injection-injury

• situational

what is an animal phobia?

excessive or unreasonable fear of animals & insects

what is a natural environment phobia?

the fear of events occurring in nature (heights, storms, water)

what is a blood-injection-injury phobia?

the fear of needle or invasive medical products/procedures

what is a situational phobia?

difficulty using public transportation or being in enclosed places

what is a social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?

a condition where a person fears performing publicly because they will be revealed as inept, foolish, & not suffer from embarrassment

what are the symptoms of a social anxiety disorder?

• could occur in interactions w/ people or avoids interactions w/ people b/c they become severely anxious

• last 6 months+

• fears public speaking, meeting unfamiliar people, pee-shyness (parauresis), panic attacks, & blushing (erythrophobia)

what is a panic disorder?

a disorder w/recurrent & unexpected panic attacks that last for minutes accompanied by an intense fear or discomfort

• the frequency of attacks range from 1x a week intervals over many years

what are the symptoms of a panic disorder?

• palpitations/pounding heart rate

• sweating, trembling-shaking, shortness of breath (choking)

• chest pain / discomfort

• nausea / distress

• light-headed, chills or heat

• derealization/depersonalization (detachment form self)

• fear of “going crazy” or dying (maladaptive behaviors)

what is agoraphobia?

the fear of suddenly becoming ill, not being able to escape, or not being able to receive immediate help (specifically being incapacitated or embarassed)

what are the symptoms of agoraphobia?

• an individual avoids public transportation, being in open spaces, being in a crowd, & being outside of home alone

  • a cluster of avoidant behaviors

• interoceptive avoidance - person removes themselves from situations / activities that evoke physiological arousal that resembles the beginning of a panic attack

• symptoms last @ least 6 months

what is a generalized anxiety disorder?

when a person has free-floating anxiety that isn’t attached to any specific situation

what are the symptoms of a generalized anxiety disorder?

• a person must have 3+ more symptoms:

  • feeling restless / easily fatigued

  • difficulties concentrating (one’s mind goes blank)

  • irritablity

  • muscle tension

  • sleep disturbances (falling/staying asleep)

what is a obsessive-complusive disorder and the symptoms that come with the disorder? (OCD)

(obsessions)

recurrent/persistent thought, impulses, or images that are contamination, intrusive, or disturbing that aren’t related to normal worries/distress

• they have unsuccessful attempts to ignore thoughts and have insights that thoughts are self-generated

• marked by distress & impairment which can be time consuming

(compulsions)

• repetitive behaviors executed in response to an obsession

• behaviors aimed at preventing/reducing distress evoked by obsessions

• may not be realistically connect to obsessions

  • hand washing, ordering, checking, counting repeating, praying

what is a body dysmorphic disorder and the symptoms that come with the disorder? (BDD)

a person’s preoccupation about some imagined defect in their body:

• preoccupation w/imagines defect in appearance/excessive concern about a slight physical anomaly

• repetitive behaviors (seeking reassurance, checking mirror, excessive grooming) or mental acts (comparing looks to others) in response to concerns

• significant distress/impairs several important areas of interpersonal functioning (family, social relationships or at work)

• concerns w/ body fat or weight seen in someone w/ an eating disorder

what is a reactive attachment disorder (RAD)?

children who lack attachments despite developmental capacity to form them which results from inadequate caregiving environments in early childhood & encompasses a distinct pattern of a child who is emotionally withdrawn & inhibited

what are the symptoms of RAD?

symptoms may lead to controlling, aggressive, or delinquent behaviors; trouble relating to peers; & other problems

core features include:

• failure to seek & respond to comforting when distressed, including socially & emotional disturbances seen as at least 2 of the following:

  • minimal emotion regualtion

  • reduced positive affect

  • episodes of unexplained fearfulness & anxiety

• symptoms begin at 5 yrs when they learn adults in their life are untrustworthy

• practitioner rules out autism spectrum & the specifier of “persistent” can be applied when symptoms last for at least a year

what is a disinhibited social engagement disorder? (DSED)

a disorder of a child’s social relatedness & the central feature is that the child has experienced serious neglect or pathogenic care (severe parental neglect, abuse, or mishandling very early in life)

what are the symptoms of a disinhibited social engagement disorder?

core features: inappropriate approach to unfamiliar adults, lack of wariness or strangers, & willingness to wander off w/ strangers

• child has experience extremes of insufficient care like being ignored, separated, or neglected by birth parents

  • placed in multiple foster homes

  • child must be at least 9 months of age

what is a posttraumatic stress disorder?

when a person’s exposure to stress(events) & the body’s physiological response culminate w/a release of steroid hormones from their adrenal gland (events like witnessing homicide/suicide, traffic accidents, combat, SA, molesation, DV +more)

• chronic exposure to stress hormones can damage neurons & cause hippocampal dysfunction & memory issues

what are the symptoms for PTSD?

central feature applies to people 6yrs+ older w/ an exposure to actual or threatened death, injury, or sexual violence

symptom clusters:

• re-experiencing the event (memories, dreams, flashbacks)

• avoidance - avoiding distressing thoughts/feelings

• negative thoughts - inability to remember, negative emotional state

• heightened arousal - aggressive outburst, hyper-vigilance, and exaggerated responses

what is an acute stress disorder?

a severe reaction that people have within the first month immediately following trauma and the symptoms being explicit as to whether traumatic events were experienced directly, witnessed, or experienced indirectly

what are the symptoms of ASD?

symptoms lasting from 3 days to 1 month after exposure

• individuals are considered for ASD if they show 9 of 14:

  • intrusion - distressing memories of event content/affect related to event, dissociative, & intense reactions

  • negative mood - persistent inability to experience positive emotions

  • dissociation - altered sense of reality, inability to remember events

  • avoidance - efforts to avoid memories, people, & places that provoke certain memories

  • arousal - sleep disturbances, irritability/anger outburst, hyper-vigilance, difficulty concentrating, and exaggerated startle response

what is an adjustment disorders?

a stress-response syndrome that occurs after exposure to a distressing (traumatic/non-traumatic) event

what are the symptoms of an adjustment disorder?

there are 6 specifiers for symptoms lasting less than (acute) or more than (chronic) 6 months

• w/ depressed mood - low mood, tearfulness, or hopelessness feelings

• w/ anxiety - nervousness, worry, jitteriness, or separation anxiety

• w/ anxiety & depressed mood

• w/ disturbance of conduct & emotions - emotional symptoms

• unspecified - maladaptive reactions

what is anorexia nervosa?

restricting one’s energy intake leading to significantly low body weight considering age, sex, developmental course, physical health, & life circumstances because they are desperately fearful of gaining weight even tho they are underweight (disturbance in perception of body weight/shape, or denial that low body weight is seriously dangerous)

what are the two different subtypes of anorexia nervosa?

restricting type:

• individual severely limits caloric intake (for 3 months+), but doesn’t engage in binge eating or purging behavior (might eat slowly, make food less attractive, and use unappetizing spices)

binge eating/purging type:

• regularly engage in weight contol behaviors (for 3 months+) like vomiting, laxatives, enemas, or diuretics

• binge-eating, grazing (eating small amounts of food continuously, & purging

what are the clues in appearance of someone w/ anorexia?

• dry/scaly texture skin, peach fuzz, intolerance to cold temps

• skeletal structure, hunched over appearance, and dull lifeless hair

what is bulimia nervosa?

repeated dietary restriction alternating w/uncontrollable binge eating & desperate measures to prevent weight gain (the person is usually normal or slightly above normal weight)

what are the symptoms of bulimia?

• recurrent episodes of binge eating characterized by:

  • eating during a period of time where food is consumed in a larger amount where the person lacks control their overeating

• recurrent, inappropriate methods on average once a week for 3 months (body shape & weight influences how person see themselves)

what is the severity range of someone w/ bulimia?

• mild - 1-3 ep./week

• moderate - 4-7 ep./week

• severe - 8-13 ep./week

• extreme - 14+ ep./week

what is a binge-eating disorder?

bing eating w/o vomiting or laxatives (usually an overweight person)

must have 3+ symptoms:

• eating quickly during episodes

• eating until physically uncomfortable or nauseated

• eats when they aren’t hungry

• eats along b/c of embarrassment

• feels disgusted, depressed, or guilty about being eating

  • distressed about eating happens on average 1x a week every 3 months

what is an avoidant / restrictive food intake disorder? (AFRID)

an eating disorder that prevents consumption of certain foods

• child is severely harmed due to selective/restrictive eating habits

• person may avoid eating in public

what are the symptoms of AFRID?

• considerable weight loss/failure to gain weight

• presence of different nutritional deficiencies in person

• eternal feeding dependency (tube feeding) or oral nutritional supplements

• interference/disturbance of psychosocial functioning

what is an oppositional defiant disorder? (OOD)

• a chronic pattern of angry temperament

• argumentative w/ adults & teachers

• defies set rules & regulations

• deliberate annoyance of others (easily annoyed)

• spiteful/vindictive

what is a conduct disorder?

aggression toward people & animals

• cruelty, physical/sexual assault

destruction of property / theft

deceitfulness & associated w/ anti-social personalities or criminal deviance

what is a an intermittent explosive disorder?(IED)

distinct episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that are evident in verbal/physical aggression

• explosive outburst where child is unable to control impulses

• may involve more serious assaultive acts that cause injury or destroy property

• out of proportion to any provocation/precipitating stressor that isn’t premeditated

what are the characteristics of a paranoid personality?

• individual’s behavior is characterized by pervasive, groundless suspicion & an inherent distrust of others

• central features by 4+:

  • suspicion

  • unjustified doubts

  • problems w/ intimacy

  • hidden meanings in somone’s intentions

  • holding grudges

  • paranoia (hyper-vigilance)

what are the characteristics of a schizoid personality?

• displaying lifelong pattern of social withdrawal & tend to be introverted & remain isolated from others by choice

• central features by 4+:

  • no penchant for social relationships

  • preference for solitary activities

  • little to no sex drive

  • takes pleasure in few, if any activities

  • lacks close friends other than relatives

  • acts indifferently to praise (or criticism) of others

  • limited range of emotions

what are the characteristics of a schizotypal personality?

• person exhibits odd or strange mannerisms + having an active fantasy life

• symptoms:

  • anhedonia, ideas of reference, odd beliefs

  • unusual perceptions

  • odd thinking/speech

  • paranoid ideation

  • inappropriate manners w/ others

  • anxiety in social situations

what are the characteristics of a antisocial personality disorder?

• characterized by continual asocial or criminal acts but isn’t synonymous w/ criminality

  • engages in lying, theft, substance abuse, & rejection of social norms w/ a lack of remorse for hurtful actions towards others

• symptoms include 3+ since 15yrs old:

  • defiance/failure to conform to social norms

  • deceitful/absence of consistent truthfulness

  • impulsive, irritable, aggressive, & irresponsible

  • reckless disregard for safety for self & others

  • lack of remorse/empathy

• social predators who charm, manipulate, & ruthlessly plow their way through life

what are the characteristics of a histrionic personality disorder?

• individuals are colorful, dramatic, extroverted, excitable, & emotional

  • attempts to acquire attention in inexplicable & unusual ways

• symptoms by 5+:

  • grandiose sense of self-importance

  • preoccupied w/ fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, etc

  • shifting & shallow expression of emotions

  • concerns w/physical appearance

  • speech that lacks detail

  • self-dramatization

  • easily influenced and considers relationships more intimate than they are

what are the characteristics of a narcissistic personality?

• someone with a heightened sense of self-importance & unrealistic inflated self-worth, often disgusting & underlying fragile sense of self

• symptoms by 5+:

  • feels superior to others

  • fantasies of success

  • belief in being special & unique

  • constant desire/need for admiration

  • sense of entitlement

  • interpersonally exploitative

  • lacks empathy, envious of others, & believes others are envious of them

  • shows arrogant, haughty behaviors/attitudes

what are the characteristics of an avoidant personality disorder?

indicated by 4+ symptoms

• avoids occupational activities involving interpersonal contact

• unwilling to get involved w/others unless they are liked

• shows restraint w/intimate relationships

• preoccupied w/being criticized/rejected

• consider themselves as socially inept, unappealing, & inferior

• reluctant to take risks/engage in new activities

what are the characteristics of a dependent personality disorder?

a pervasive pattern to extreme inability to act independently of others (allows others to take responsibility for their lives)

• 5 of the following symptoms must be present to be diagnosed:

  • difficulty making everyday decisions

  • need for others to assume responsibilities for their lives

  • difficulty expressing disagreements, initiating projects, & being independent

  • extreme lengths to obtain nurture/support

  • feels helpless when alone

  • when relationship ends they seek another

  • fears of being alone to care for themselves

what are the characteristics of a obsessive-compulsive personality?

the energy of person’s personality is channeled to “perfectionism”

symptoms include 4+ of the following:

• preoccupied w/details, rules, list, order, organization, or schedules

• perfectionism

• excessively devoted to work/productivity

• inflexible about matters of morality ethics/values

• difficulty discarding worthless objects and delegating task/work w/ others

• miserly/stingy towards self & others

• shows rigidity/stubbornness