Structural Foundations, Philippine Psychology Law, and Historical Foundations

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the nature of psychology, major clinical and specialized roles, Philippine psychology laws (R.A. 10029 and R.A. 11036), historical foundations, paradigms, Pavlovian and operant conditioning, and Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

Psyche and Logos

The Greek root terms from which the word 'psychology' originated, where 'psyche' means soul or mind, and 'logos' means words or study.

Psychology

The systematic and scientific investigation of the human mind and outward behavior.

Individual Differences

A scientific axiom in psychology that formally accounts for psychological and behavioral differences across populations.

Good Measurements

A scientific axiom demanding verifiable, replicable, and stable metrics in psychological research.

Degrees of Certainty

A scientific axiom stating that psychological science operates on probabilities rather than absolute truths.

Describe

The goal of psychology to systematically observe, gather data, and clearly detail behavioral occurrences.

Explain

The goal of psychology to pinpoint functional causes and formulate structural models of behavior.

Predict

The goal of psychology to forecast future behavioral reactions under varying contexts.

Control

The goal of psychology to design scientific programs to alter behavior for positive outcomes.

Determinism

A philosophical doctrine postulating that all physiological and physical actions have a measurable, observable physical cause inherited from parents.

Free Will

A philosophical concept holding that humans operate on conscious volition, voluntary decisions, and personal agency.

Dualism

The mind-brain perspective stating that the mind is a separate entity distinct from brain tissue.

Monism

The mind-brain perspective stating that conscious processes are entirely inseparable from physical brain activity.

Biological Monism

The framework heavily operated on by modern clinical neuroscience, viewing the mind and brain as functioning together.

Biological Heredity (Nature)

The position that structural characteristics, cognitive capacity thresholds, and baseline behavioral tendencies are genetically coded and inherited at conception.

Environmental Influence (Nurture)

The position stressing that human reactions, developmental shifts, and psychological attributes are primarily shaped, reinforced, and acquired from external stimuli.

Clinical Psychologist

A practitioner focusing on diagnosing emotional or mental disorders and applying psychotherapies to restore daily functioning.

Psychiatrist

Medical doctors (M.D.) specializing in clinical distress who possess prescription rights for drug treatments.

Psychoanalyst

A therapist relying heavily on analytical and psychodynamic models pioneered by Sigmund Freud to uncover subconscious motivations.

Free Association

A psychoanalytic technique used to uncover underlying thoughts through uninhibited speech or slips of the tongue.

Manifest Content

In dream analysis, the conscious recollection of what we remember from a dream.

Latent Content

In dream analysis, the hidden meaning or unattainable wish contained within a dream.

Catharsis

The therapeutic release of emotion resulting in a calm, peaceful, and quiet state.

Counselor

A mental health specialist assisting people with life transitions, career conflicts, marital distress, educational path struggles, and wellness decisions.

Level A Test

A test level requiring no higher level of interest, representing the simplest classification of psychological test.

Level B Test

A test level intended for Psychometricians, Psychologists, and Registered Guidance Counselors (RGC).

Level C Test

A projective test level requiring interpretation based on RPsy or RGC base qualifications.

Forensic Psychologist

A specialist who provides expert consultations to police, lawyers, and legal courts, often testifying as expert witnesses.

I/O Psychologist

An Industrial/Organizational psychologist who studies behaviors within organizations to boost job performance, worker satisfaction, and employee well-being.

Ergonomist

A specialist who designs workplace machines, tech interfaces, and devices to fit human motor and cognitive limits safely, collaborating with I/O Psychologists.

School Psychologist

A practitioner who identifies cognitive and developmental requirements in students and designs custom school action plans.

Developmental Psychologist

A specialist who maps behavioral, physical, and sensory changes in a child from conception to late adulthood.

Cognitive Psychologist

A researcher who conducts lab research on memory, sensory systems, thought formation, logical knowledge paths, and brain structure.

Biopsychologist

A practitioner who traces behavior to chemical, electrical, hormonal, genetic, and evolutionary neurobiology pathways.

Social Psychologist

A specialist who analyzes how groups influence individuals and how individual actions alter larger group settings and societal interactions.

Environmental Psychologist

A practitioner who investigates how architectural density, noise levels, heat, and city plans modify stress and health.

Republic Act No. 10029

The Philippine Psychology Law that formally regulates the practice of psychology, creates the Board of Psychology, and classifies clinical practice into general psychology, psychological interventions, and structural wellness programs.

Republic Act No. 11036

The Philippine Mental Health Act, signed on June 21, 2018, which establishes a national policy to provide affordable, integrated, accessible mental health services, protect rights, and eliminate social stigma.

Psychometrician (RPm)

A licensed professional focusing on psychological testing, scientific assessment, rating scales, and diagnostic profiling under direct clinical supervision, requiring a minimum of a Bachelor's degree (BS/BA) in Psychology.

Psychologist (RPsy)

A licensed professional who conducts independent diagnostics, designs mental health programs, and administers psychotherapy or counseling systems, requiring a minimum of a Master's degree (MA/MS) in Psychology.

BLE for Psychometricians (RPm)

The Board Licensure Examination for Psychometricians covering Theories of Personality (20%), Psychological Assessment (40%), Abnormal Psychology (20%), and Industrial/Organizational Psychology (20%).

BLE for Psychologists (RPsy)

The Board Licensure Examination for Psychologists covering Advanced Theories of Personality (20%), Advanced Psychological Assessment (30%), Advanced Abnormal Psychology (25%), and Counseling and Psychotherapy (25%).

Wilhelm Wundt

Recognized as the Father of Psychology; established the first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.

Introspection

A scientific self-observation method pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt to evaluate conscious experience.

Structuralism

An early paradigm represented by Edward Titchener that focused on mapping the basic structures of the mind and categorizing subjective experiences into sensory elements, feelings, and images.

Functionalism

An early paradigm championed by William James, the father of American psychology, focusing on how mental processes function practically to produce useful survival behaviors.

Psychodynamic Theory

A paradigm pioneered by Sigmund Freud to uncover conscious and unconscious processes, involving the Id (Pleasure Principle), Ego (Reality Principle), and Superego (Moralistic/Idealistic).

John B. Watson

The Father of Behaviorism who rejected internal subjective mental states and self-introspection, advocating for the objective study of observable, physical behaviors and environmental stimuli.

Classical Conditioning

A learning procedure demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a learned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction without prior learning, such as food.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The natural, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, such as salivating when seeing food.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A signal that initially causes no specific reaction or response on its own, such as the sound of a bell prior to conditioning.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral signal that, after being paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a learned reaction.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned reaction to a newly conditioned stimulus, such as salivating at the sound of the bell alone.

Operant Conditioning

B. F. Skinner's paradigm based on reward and punishment, comprising Positive Reinforcement (+ behavior ^), Negative Reinforcement (- behavior ^), Positive Punishment (+ behavior down), and Negative Punishment (- behavior down).

Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez

The Father of Filipino psychology who developed Sikolohiyang Pilipino, an indigenous model reflecting Filipino behavior using concepts like kapwa, diwa, and pakikisama.

Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas

Characterized as 'Bisita sa bahay', referring to the application of Western theories directly into local Filipino practice.

Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino

Characterized as 'Tao sa bahay', involving the use of Western frameworks as a lens to study and view Filipinos.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Characterized as 'Maybahay', representing true Filipino psychology born from perspectives within the Filipino mind.

Climate Psychology

A current trend acknowledging that environmental decline is caused by human daily decisions, framing climate challenges as psychological problems to resolve.

Non-Drug Treatments

A growing global movement focused on non-pharmacological, evidence-based therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and clinical hypnosis without reliance on prescription drugs.