Pharmacology: Unit 6: Eye/Ear Disorders, Meds, updated Nov, 2024

Macula degeneration

result is blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field, see dark spot/s in vision, blurry. Dry Type: thinning of retina, Wet Type: abnormal growth of blood vessels in the retina, hard to read words

Glaucoma

A group of sight-threatening diseases of the eye in which there is increased intraocular pressure (IOP) due to blocked drainage of aqueous humor liquid, extra water increases eye pressure. This pressure can damage the optic nerve over time.

Cataracts

clouding of the eye's natural lens, which typically allows light to pass through to the retina. When the lens becomes cloudy, it can interfere with vision, making it difficult to see clearly.

Diabetic retinopathy

An eye condition from eye blood vessels that leak blood that can cause vision loss, develops when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, blood vessels leak damaging retina, can cause blindness

Conjunctivitis

inflammation of the clear thin membrane that covers the eye, viral infection, spreads easily, eyes very irritated, pink

Herpes simplex

fever blisters around and/or on eye surface, viral

Otitis media (ear infection)

A bacteria infection of the middle ear that causes inflammation, sharp pain and a build-up of fluid behind the eardrum

Eye injury pain

blow to eye (sports, others) cornea gets scratched, object stuck in the eye (sand, insect, etc.) chemicals in the eye burn tissue, heat damage from burns, steam

Antibacterial drugs

treatment of superficial infections of the eye caused by susceptible organisms, kills bacteria

Antiviral drugs

Used topically in the treatment of herpes simplex, keratitis, or conjunctivitis, kills the virus

Anti-inflammatory: Corticosteroids,

Useful in the acute stages of eye injury to prevent scarring, for severe symptoms

Anti-Inflammatory: NSAIDS

, treat postoperative inflammation following cataract surgery, decreases inflammation

Anti-Inflammatory: Ophthalmic Immunologic,

Increases tear production in patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation

Antihistamine

histamines are chemicals that bind to receptors in response to allergies and produce runny nose, itchy eyes and throat; antihistamine drugs bind to the receptors instead of histamines and prevents all the allergy symptoms from histamine

Decongestant

decreases blood flow to sinuses, reduces mucus production.relieves mucus congestion (blockage) and pressure in sinuses

Ophthalmic lubricants

Provides a barrier on the conjunctiva to stop allergens from sticking, dilute and flush various allergens and inflammatory mediators that may be present on the eye surface

Antiglaucoma drugs: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

decreases production of aqueous humor (the aqueous humor is the clear fluid that fills the space between the lens and the cornea of the eyeball)results in a decrease in intraocular pressure.

Antiglaucoma drugs: Miotic

Increases the drainage of water from the aqueous humor

Antiglaucoma drugs: Beta-adrenergic

Decreases the rate, how fast, water in aqueous humor is produced (if making the water too fast, this will slow it down)

Antiglaucoma drugs: Alpha-agonists

work by decreasing the production of the fluid that the eye continually makes, called the aqueous humor.

Antiglaucoma drugs: Prostaglandin analogs

binding to the PG receptors located in the ciliary muscle, causing relaxation of drain opening and, subsequently, increased aqueous water outflow from the eye and thus reducing pressure

Mydriatics: Pupil dilation

Paralyzes the muscles of accommodation (iris stays dilated and can not contract until drug wears off)

Mydriatics: Local anesthetics

Applied topically to the eye for minor surgical and diagnostic procedures, removal of foreign bodies, or painful injury

Antibacterial drugs

bacitracin

Antiviral drugs

viroptic

Anti-inflammatory: Corticosteroids

Prednisolone

Anti-Inflammatory: Ophthalmic Immunologic

Restasis

Anti-Inflammatory: Antihistamine/Decongestant

Visine, zyrtec

Anti-Inflammatory: Ophthalmic lubricants

Artificial tears eye drops

Anti-Glaucoma: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Dorzolamide

Anti-Glaucoma: Miotic

Pilocarpine

Anti-Glaucoma: Beta-adrenergic

Timodol

Anti-Glaucoma: Alpha-agonists

Brimonidine

Anti-Glaucoma: Prostaglandin analogs

Xalatan

Mydriatics: Pupil dilation

Atropine

Mydriatics: Local anesthetics

Tetracaine