Leadership Midterms

Strategic Planning 

Type of planning that determines the long-term (3-10 years) objectives of the institution 

Strategic Direction

• focuses on purpose, mission, philosophy, and goals related to the external environment

• Forecasts the future success of an organization by maintaining and aligning an organization’s capabilities with its external environment

PESTLE Analysis

This is an analysis that determines how you utilize SWOT to help the organization

SWOT Analysis, Balanced Scorecard

What are the tools for effective strategy planning?

Balanced Scorecard 

This is a tool that is used to translate strategy into action, it is an effective tool for translating an organization’s strategic vision into clear and realistic objectives

Operational Planning

Type of planning that draws directly from the strategic plan to describe mission and goals, program objectives, and program activities 

• Short-term

Vision 

• used to describe the future goals/aims of an organization

Mission

• Brief statement identifying the reason that an organization exists

  • purpose

Philosophy

Basic foundation that directs all further planning toward that mission

Organizational Policy 

Provides the basis for developing nursing philosophies at the unit level and for nursing service as a whole 

Nursing Philosophy

Address fundamental beliefs about nursing and nursing care, the quality, quantity, and scope of nursing service

Unit Philosophy

Adopted from nursing philosophy, specifies how nursing care provided on the unit will correspond with nursing service and organizational goals

Values

• guide behaviors

• impact decisions people make

  • e.g. societal and individual

Goal 

• Desired result toward which effort is directed

• aim of philosophy

Objectives

• similar to goals

• specific and are explicit, measurable, observable

  • SMART

Policies 

Plans that are reduced to statements of instructions that direct an organization in their decision-making.

• Implied

• Expressed

What are the two types of policies?

Rules

• describe situations that allow only one choice/action 

• fairly inflexible; the fewer, the better 

• aren’t as detailed as protocols

Developmental, political, relational

What three aspects must a leader master to ensure needed change?

Kurt Levin 

Who theorized the change theory?

Unfreezing, movement, refreezing

In the change theory, what are the three phases?

Unfreezing

This is a phase of change where the change agent convinces members of the group to change

• alignment of changes to be meaningful to stakeholders must be done

Movement 

This is a phase of change where identification of plans, implementation of right strategies and ensuring that driving forces exceed restraining force occurs.

Refreezing

This is a phase of change where the change agent assist in stabilizing the system change to that it becomes integrated into the status quo

Equilibrium

Status quo

3-6 months 

How long does it take to implement change?

Resistance

Recognized as a natural and expected response to change

• immerse subordinates to speak openly so that options can be identified to overcome objections

Crusaders

This is a change agent who see problems in the present and want to make things better for the future

Traditional Bearer

These are the preservers of what is best from the past and the present

Don’t do, do now, do later

What are the three categories to prioritization?

Lower level managers

Who experiences more interruptions?

Technology, socializing, paperwork overload, poor filling system

What are the known time wasters?

Fiscal Planning 

This is a budget or financial planning in an identified period for each budget cycle

Cost Containment

This refers to effective and efficient delivery of services while generating needed avenues for continued organizational productivity

Cost Effective

Refers to a product that is worth the price

Budget

This is a financial plan that estimates expenditures and revenues by an agent for a stated future period

fixed, variable, controllable, uncontrollable

What are the four classifications of expense?

Personal, Operation, Capital 

What are the types of budget?

5-7 years

How long does it take for one to be considered a capital budget?

Increment, zero-based, flexible, new performance

What are the four budgeting methods? 

Increment budgeting

This is a budgeting method that uses a flat-percentage increase method and is the simplest method of budgeting

• multiplying current year expense by a certain figure, usually consumer price or inflation price

Zero-based budgeting

This is a budgeting method where a manager must justify their program or needs every budgeting style

• does not automatically assume that because a program has been funded in the past, it should continue to be funded

Flexible Budgeting 

This is a budgeting method that adjust automatically over the course of the year depending on variable such as volume, labor costs, and capital expenditures. 

New performance budgeting

This is a budgeting method that emphasizes outcomes and results instead of activities/ outputs

• manager would budget as needed to achieve specific outcomes and would evaluate budgetary success accordingly.

Critical Pathways

This is a method of planning, assessing, implementing, and evaluating the cost-effectiveness of patient care.

Career Development

• intentional career planning

• should be viewed as a critical and deliberate life process involving both the individual and the employer

• involves career exploration, opportunities and change

Career planning

This refers to evaluating one’s strengths and weaknesses, setting goals, examining career opportunities, preparing potential opportunities and using appropriate developmental activities

Organizational Structure 

• the why a group is formed; lines of communication and its means for channeling authority and making decisions 

Formal and Informal

What are the two types of organizational structure?

Solid horizontal line

In an organizational structure, this refers to communication between people with similar spheres

Solid vertical lines 

In the organizational structure, this refers to the official chain of command 

3-50 employees

What is the suggested range of a person’s span of control?

Stakeholders

These are entities in an organization’s environment that play a role in the organization’s health and performance or are affected by the organization

grapevine, informal leader 

What are the two limitations of organizational charts?

Authority 

Refers to the official power to act; power given by the org to direct the work of others 

• managers has the authority to hire, fire, or discipline others 

Responsibilities

Refers to duty of assignment

Accountability

Similar to responsibility but is internalized

• person is morally responsible for the consequences of their action

Organizational Culture 

This is the organization’s value, language, traditions, and customs

Sacred cows

This refers to a few things present in an institution that are not open to discussion or change.

Power

• Latin: potere meaning “be able”

• used to accomplish goals

  • capacity to act or the strength and potency to accomplish something

Politics

This is the art of using legitimate power wisely

reward, coercive, legitimate, expert, referent, charismatic, information, feminist

What are the 8 types of power?

Reward Power 

• type of power obtained by the ability to grant rewards 

Coercive power

Type of power that is based on fear and punishment

Legitimate power

type of power that in inherent to one’s position

Expert power

A type of power that is gained through knowledge and skill

Referent Power

Type of power that is obtained through knowledge and power

Charismatic power 

Type of power that is a result from a dynamic and powerful persona 

Information power

Type of power that is gained when someone has information that another needs

Feminist Power

type of power that is gained through maturity, ego integration, confidence, and security in relationships

• “self'-power”

Authority-Power Gap 

Refers to a gap that exists between a position of authority and subordinate response 

Empowerment

• referred to as decentralization of power

• Empowering staff is a hallmark of transformational leadership

  • occurs when leaders communicate their vision, employees are allowed to make the most of their talents, and learning, creativity, and exploration

Total patient care

• this is the oldest form of pt care and organization and is still widely used

• utilizes the method of assignment

• case method of assignment

Functional Nursing

• This is part of traditional pt care delivery where an organization requires the completion of specific tasks by different nursing personnel

Team and modular Nursing

• This is part of traditional pt care delivery where an organization uses a leader who coordinates a team by different nursing personnel

Primary Care Nursing 

• This is part of traditional pt care delivery that is organized so the patient is the center of the structure 

  • One nurse has a 24-hour responsibility for the nursing care plan

  • Relationship-based nursing

total patient care, functional, team or modular, primary care

What are the four traditional patient care delivery?

Case Management 

This is a collaborative process that assesses, plans, implements, coordinates, monitors, and evaluates options and services to meet an individual’s health needs through communication 

Disease management

• also known as “population-based healthcare” and continuous health improvement

  • is a comprehensive, integrated approach to the care and reimbursement of high-cost, chronic illness

Education and Competency model

What are the two basic differentiated practice models?

Education model

• differentiated practice model

• role differentiation based on type of educational preparation

Competency Model 

• differentiated practice model

• role differentiation based on individual nurse skills level, expertise, experience, etc.

Recruitment

This is the process of actively seeking out or attracting applicants for existing positions, and should be an ongoing process

Interview

This is the verbal interaction between individuals for a particular purpose

Indoctrination 

This consists of induction, orientation, and socialization of employees

Induction

• 1st phase

  • takes place after employee has been selected but before performing the job role

Orientation

• 2nd phase

  • provides the employee with general information about the organization, whereas orientation activities