PSYCH 100 midterm

I hate it here.

Psychology

Study of BEHAVIOR & MENTAL PROCESS

Behavior

actions/reactions

Mental

activity of the mind

What is a Clinical Psychologist?

*can't prescribe medicine*

diagnose & console problems

Treatment = therapy

What is a Psychiatrist?

*clinical*

diagnose mental disorder & console problems

Treatment= therapy & medicine

What is a Counseling Psychologist?

Provide options & guide client

Wilhelm Wundt

founder of objective introspection (internal perspective = students would examine their own thoughts)

father of PSYCH

Structuralism

focus on the structure of consciousness of the human mind (FIRST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT)

Functionalism

focus on mental states & their function (SECOND SCHOOL OF THOUGHT)

Psychodynamic

behavior is determined by childhood experiences & unconscious mind has the MOST influence

Behavioral

environment determines ALL behavior

2 processes that allow us to learn

1. learning by association
2. learning from consequences of behavior

Cognitive

only thoughts & want to know WHY a person thinks and does

Biological

biological events that effect the ways in how we think/behave

Scientific method

5-step procedure that allows us to gather info

Conducting psychological research (STEPS)

1. Ask a question
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Test your hypothesis
4. Analyst the data & draw conclusions
5. Report your results

Descriptive research

describes what is happening with NO predictions

Correlation research

detect naturally occurring relationships & associations

Positive correlation

Both comparisons are UP or DOWN

Negative correlation

One comparison is UP while the other is DOWN & same the other way

Experimental research

examine cause & effect (variables & groups)

Independent Variable

CHANGED

\*think of “I Changed”

Dependent Variable

MEASURED & gives us data

Experimental Group (Independent Variable)

exposed to change *IV*

Control group (Independent Variable)

NOT exposed to change in IV *placebo group*

Glial cell

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons (assistant to a CEO)

Neurons

SEND & RICEVE messages in the nervous system w/in a network (sensory system)

SOMA (part of neuron)

cell body & big part of the body

NUCLEUS (part of neuron)

contains chromosomes & DNA

DENDRITES (part of neuron)

tree branches of neurons to CONNECT

AXON (part of neuron)

long dendrite at end

Myelin Sheath

fatty covering around axon (speeds up message)

Axon Terminal

ENDS of an axon

Synapse (parts of of neuron)

connection between 2 neurons that has a gap

Neurontransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Acetylcholine

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Endorphins

pain relief

Norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal

Serotonin

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Cell membrane

Separates interior of cell from the outside (controls what goes IN & OUT)

Neural impulses/Action reaction

doors opening and closing through axon

Nervous system

network of cells (carries info to & from ALL parts of the body)

Central nervous system

brain (makes decisions/commands) & spinal cord (transports info throughout body)

Peripheral nervous system

nerves that connect to what they need to connect too in the body

1. Autonomic nervous system

NOT IN OUR CONTROL (heart, lungs, digestion)

2. Somatic nervous system

IN OUR CONTROL (carries out messages from the senses)

1. Sensory Neurons (sensory->CNS)
2. Motor Neurons (CNS→muscles)
3. Interneurons (brain)

3 types of neurons

Endoctrine system

collection of glands that produce hormones

Pituitary gland

MASTER GLAND

Cerebellum

LARGEST PART OF THE BRAIN (left & right hemisphere)

Corpus callosum

bridge between right & left hemisphere

Temporal lobe

auditory (DOWN BY EARS)

Occipital lobe

visual (BACK OF HEAD)

Parietal lobe

touch/temp (MIDDLE HEMISPHERE)

Frontal lobe

higher mental functions (FRONT)

(STRUCTURE 1) Thalamus

relay station for incoming sensory info. (NOT SMELL)

(STRUCTURE) Hypothalamus

regulates body temp, food intake, heart rate

(STRUCTURE) Hippocampus

memories & forms long term memories

(STRUCTURE) Amygdala

fear responses/memory of fear

(STRUCTURE) Cerebellum

coordination & muscle control

(STRUCTURE) Brain stem

PONS=sleep/arousal

MEDULLA=controls heartbeat

Types of Stimuli

1. sound waves
2. light waves
3. air molecules

Sensory adaptation

decrease in sensitivity due to constant exposure

Sensory receptors

specialized cells that receive sensory info. (ex: eyes, ears, tongue, nose)

Perception process

1. sensation
2. transduction
3. info. travels
4. perception

Stimulus=light waves

Receptor=cones & rods

Sensation= light enters eye through pupils, light hits retina, cones & rods are stimulated

VISION

Stimulus=sound waves

Receptors=hair cells in cochlea of ears

Sensation=sound enters ears, eardrum/things vibrates, fluid in cochlea vibrates, fluid movement causes hair cells to move

HEARING

Stimulus=molecules in food/drinks

Receptors=tastebuds on the BUMPS of the tounge

Sensation=tastebuds detect the chemicals in foods/drinks

TASTE

5 basic taste

1. sweet (sugar)
2. sour (lemon)
3. salty (salt)
4. bitter (chocolate)
5. umami (cheese)

Stimulus=moleecules in the air

Receptors=olfactory receptors on ROOF of nasal cavity

Sensation=molecules float in the air, enter nasal cavity, celia receptors detect molecules

SMELL

Consciousness

awareness of everything going on inside and outside of you

Subjective consciousness

based on our personal experiences

Selective consciousness

aware of somethings WHILE blocking out others

Divided consciousness

divide our attention between 2+ things

Continuous consciousness

flow of thoughts/feelings/perception

Changing consciousness

shift attention from one to another

Main levels of consciousness

WALKING (awake) & ALTERED (not aware)

NON-REM

body is capable of moving (75% of sleep)

REM

body is paralyzed & rapid eye movement (25% of sleep)

STAGE 1 SLEEP

LIGHT SLEEP

STAGE 2 SLEEP

DEEPER SLEEP

STAGE 3 SLEEP

DEEPEST SLEEP POSSIBLE

Beta (brain waves)

awake/alert (small & fast waves)

Alpha (brain waves)

awake/relaxed

Theta (brain waves)

light sleep & sleep

Delta (brain waves)

deep sleep (low & slow waves)

Learning

permanent change in behavior due to experience

Classical conditioning

learned behavior (neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus)

Neutral stimulus (no response) + Unconditioned stimulus (causing response) \=

Unconditioned response (naturally occurred stimulus)

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell (behavioralist)

John Watson

founder of behavioralism (behavioralist)

Operant conditioning

learning of voluntary behavior

Edward L. Thorndike

law of effect & created Thorndikes puzzle box

law of effect

1. action is caused by a consequence (will be repeated)
2. action followed by an unpleasant consequence (will NOT be repeated)

B.F. Skinner

founded concept of operant conditioning & created Skinner box (behavioralist)

Reinforcement

strengthens behavior to happen again (gets $100 for mowing neighbors lawn)

Punishment

weakens the behavior (gets pulled over & never speeds again)

Observational learning

learning a behavior by watching someone else do it (ex: Bobo doll experiment)

Memory

process of storing & encoding information