The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Reproduction Practice Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering cell cycle phases, mitosis, meiosis, and human reproductive anatomy based on the lecture notes.

In animals, autosomal cells are __________, which means that for each chromosome there is a homologous partner present.

diploid ($2n$)

During the interphase stages ($G_1$, $S$, and $G_2$), DNA is uncoiled in the form of __________.

chromatin

A cell that exits the cycle temporarily or permanently to perform normal functions without preparing to divide is in the __________ phase.

$$G_0$$

During the __________ phase, DNA replication occurs and sister chromatids are connected via the centromere.

$S$ (Synthesis)

The main protein in control of the restriction point (between $G_1$ and $S$) is __________.

$$p53$$

Regulatory proteins called cyclins must bind to __________ to activate transcription factors for the next stage of the cell cycle.

cyclin-dependent kinases ($CDK$)

Mitosis occurs in __________ cells and takes one diploid cell ($2n$) to produce 2 identical diploid daughter cells.

somatic

During __________, chromatin condenses into chromosomes and centrosomes migrate to opposite poles to organize the mitotic spindle.

prophase

During __________, sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere and the chromosome count temporarily doubles.

anaphase

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes decondense into chromatin and a new nuclear envelope becomes visible is __________.

telophase

The purpose of Meiosis is to produce four non-identical __________ cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.

haploid ($n$)

In Prophase I, the pairing of homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad is called __________, and genetic exchange occurs at points called chiasmata.

synapsis

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during Anaphase I or Anaphase II is known as __________, which can lead to conditions like Down Syndrome.

nondisjunction

Down Syndrome is caused by an extra copy of Chromosome __________.

$$21$$

Biological sex is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes, where the presence of the __________ gene on the $Y$ chromosome triggers male development.

$$SRY$$

In the testes, __________ provide structural and nutritional support to developing sperm cells.

Sertoli cells

Located outside the seminiferous tubules, __________ cells secrete testosterone and other androgens.

Leydig

Sperm cells gain motility and are stored within the __________, a long coiled tube.

epididymis

The mnemonic for the pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system is __________.

$$SEVE(N)\:UP$$

Fully formed sperm, known as __________, consists of a head (with an acrosome), a midpiece (with mitochondria), and a tail.

spermatozoa

In females, primary oocytes are paused in __________ until puberty begins.

prophase I

A secondary oocyte is paused in __________ and will only complete the second meiotic division if fertilization occurs.

metaphase II

The __________ is a protective layer surrounding the oocyte that plays a role in sperm binding.

zona pellucida

The hypothalamus releases __________, which tells the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ($GnRH$)

In females, an acute surge of __________ around day 14 of the cycle marks ovulation.

luteinizing hormone ($LH$)

Ovarian atrophy caused by decreased sensitivity to FSH and LH as a person ages is known as __________.

menopause