AUBF Lecture: Lesson 2 - Introduction of Urinalysis (Part 2)

physical, chemical, microscopic examination

What are the 3 components of urinalysis?

color, clarity, specific gravity, odor

what are the 4 components examined in physical examination?

pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, leukocyte esterase, blood

what are the 9 components examined in chemical examination?

cells, casts, crystals, microorganisms

what are the 4 components examined in microscopic examination?

urinalysis

it is one of the oldest diagnostic tools still in use today. Its evolution from visual inspection to sophisticated laboratory analysis highlights its vital role in modern medicine. It remains an essential tool for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of a wide range of health conditions.

urine formation

It is a vital process carried out by the kidneys to maintain the body's internal environment.

metabolic waste products, water and electrolyte balance, acid-base status

urine formation involves the removal of? and its regulation of? and control of?

nephrons

these are called the functional units of the kidney and urine formation occurs here.

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

urine formation goes through 3 main processes, what are these major processes?

in glomerulus of the renal corpuscle

in glomerular filtration, what location does urine formation occurs?

glomerular filtration

The process by which water and small solutes are forced from the blood in the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule due to blood pressure.

water, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, urea, creatinine

in glomerular filtration, what are the substance being filtrated?

blood cells, large plasma protein

in glomerular filtration, what are the substance being not filtrated?

glomerular filtration rate

what does GFR mean?

125 mL/min or 180L/day

what are the normal glomerular filtration rate?

1-2 L/day

how many liters a day becomes urine while the rest is reabsorbed?

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

in tubular reabsorption, what are the locations does urine get reabsorbed?

tubular reabsorption

the process by which essential substances and water are reclaimed from the filtrate back into the bloodstream.

100% glucose and amino acids, 65-75% water and sodium, electrolytes

in tubular reabsorption, what are the substances being reabsorbed?

potassium, chloride, calcium, hydrogen carbonate ion

what are the 4 electrolytes that are absorbed in tubular absorption?

passive, active transport

what are the 2 mechanics of tubular reabsorption?

osmosis, diffusion

examples of passive transport

carrier-mediated

example of active transport

distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

in tubular secretion, what are the locations does urine get secreted?

tubular secretion

the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid to be excreted.

hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, certain drugs and toxins

in tubular secretion, what are the substances being secreted?

pH regulation

what is the purpose of hydrogen ions being secreted?

penicillin

example of drugs or toxins that are being secreted in urine?

95% water, 5% solutes (urea, creatinine, electrolytes, uric acid)

what is the final composition of urine?

water, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, uric acid

what are the 5 constituents of a normal urine?

glucose, proteins, bile products, blood cells, casts, parasites, bacterial microbes

what are the 7 constituents of an abnormal urine?

antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide

what 3 hormones play key roles in regulating urine volume and concentration?

antidiuretic hormone

increases water reabsorption in collecting ducts

aldosterone

promotes sodium and water reabsorption, potassium secretion

atrial natriuretic peptide

inhibits sodium reabsorption, increases urine output

blood, glomerulus (filtration), Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (reabsorption), loop of Henle (concentration of urine), distal convoluted tubule (secretion/reabsorption), collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra, urine excreted

summarize the flow of urine formation

renal failure, diabetes mellitus, acidosis/alkalosis, hypertension

in clinical relevance, impairments in urine formation may indicate?

diabetes mellitus

what does it mean when glucose is detected in urine?

hypertension

what affects GFR (glomerular filtration rate)?