Class notes chapter 1 psyc 2301

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Objective Introspection

A method developed by Wilhelm Wundt for examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities.

Structuralism

An early school of psychology, brought to America by Edward Titchener, focusing on the structure or basic elements of the mind.

Functionalism

A viewpoint promoted by William James that emphasizes how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

Gestalt Psychology

A perspective that studies how sensations and perceptions create a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's theory emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind in controlling behavior and the importance of early childhood experiences.

Behaviorism

A psychological perspective that focuses on observable behavior, as promoted by John Watson.

Critical Thinking

The skill of making reasoned judgments and evaluating claims based on evidence.

Naturalistic Observation

A research method where observers watch subjects in their natural environments.

Correlational Technique

A method used to study the relationship between two or more variables.

Independent Variable

The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter.

Dependent Variable

The measurable response or behavior of participants in an experiment.

Placebo Effect

The phenomenon where participants' expectations influence their behavior in a study.

Single-Blind Study

A study in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group.

Double-Blind Study

A study in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which group the participants belong to.

Ethical Guidelines

Standards for conducting research with human participants, ensuring their protection and well-being.

Informed Consent

The process of ensuring that participants are fully aware of the nature of a study before agreeing to participate.

Animal Research

Research conducted on animals, which are often used for study because they are easier to control and observe.