NYSTCE Biology Molecular and Cellular Biology

What property of water influences the transport of water from roots of a plant to the leaves?

Cohesion

What property of water influences the ability of the human body to maintain a relatively stable temperature?

High specific heat

What property of water causes water droplets to form on a surface?

High surface tension

The property of water that make it essential for the survival of an organism bc of

the hydrogen bonds btwn individual water molecules

Membrane potential is formed from what

response to differences in concentration of an ion across membrane

First law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Second law of thermodynamics

energy flows until equilibrium is reached

Anabolic rxn

Synthesis of molecules

Catabolic rxn

Breaking down of a compound

Catabolic and anabolic rxns are catalyzed by what kind of proteins

Enzymes

If Fe3+ has an oxidation number of +3 then what is true

It can accept an e- and it is an oxidizing agent

Induced-fit model is

hand-in-a-glove

Why do leaves appear green?

The chlorophyll of the leaf absorbs red and blue light

The Calvin Cycle produces one molecule of glucose from which three molecuels

ATP, NADPH, CO2

In the equation for cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced?

Glucose is oxidized (donate e-) and and Oxygen is reduced (accept e-)

The final e- acceptor in the fermentation process like lactic acid fermentation is

pyruvate

Most ATP generated during aerobic cellular respiration is produced during

Electron transport (34 molecules)

Which two organelles are the most similar?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

Which structure is not bound by a cellular membrane?

Ribosomes

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Binary fission, membrane-bound nucleus, cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Which of the following is neither a prokaryote nor eukaryote?

Mold

What is the distinct difference between plants and fungi?

Plants are autotrophs and fungi are heterotrophs

The structure of a cell membrane, with proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer, is called

fluid mosaic model

Which structure associated with the plasma membrane of a cell propels the cell through its environment with a motility akin to swimming?

Flagellum

Sodium-Potassium pump

3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in

High water potential

Lots of free moving water molecules

A cell placed in a hypotonic solution might eventually

Swell and burst

What facilitates exocytosis in a cell?

Vesicles

Positive feedback

Increase in something leads to an increase of something else

One similarity between cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is

that genetically identical daughter cells are produced

A cell spends most of its life in the

G1 phase

Apoptosis prevents transitions to which cell phase

M phase

Positive environmental cues that help a cell move past the G1 checkpoint are

growth factors

At the end of which phase are chromosomes first clearly visible under a microscope?

Prophase

In which phase of mitosis does the nucleolus (the area within the nucleus where ribosomes are built) reappear?

Telophase

Centrioles replicate in which stage of cell division?

Interphase

One of the key differences between mitosis and meiosis happens during anaphase 1. What happens during anaphase 1?

The spindle pulls homologous chromosomes to either side of the cell.

Which of the following is true of meiosis?

Crossing over, which takes place during meiosis is a source of genetic variation in organisms that reproduce sexually

Which of the following are two-ringed nitrogenous bases?

A and G

The information stores in DNA is used to make which of the following

Proteins

Why are histones required for the formation of chromosomes?

The phosphate groups of nucleotides are negatively charged and repel each other DNA is wrapped up tightly; the positive charges of histones neutralize this problem

Which of the following is true of chromosomes? Chromosomes vary in

Size, shape, location of the centromere

During mitosis, DNA is replicated during which of the following?

S phase

Which of the following represents the central dogma - the flow of information in gene expression?

DNA —> RNA —> protein

RNA processing in a eukaryotic cell occurs

In the nucleus

The process of removing introns from the pre-mRNA molecule in a eukaryotic cell is called

Splicing

All tRNA molecules - except the first tRNA - bind the codon in the A site of the ribosome to recognize the start codon. The tRNA binds the codon at the

P site

Anticodon and codons are

complementary

Enhancers are located where?

At a distance to the promoter

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the regulation of gene expression is most commonly

Transcriptional control

Differential gene expression

Only a small number of genes are expressed by a cell

If a fertilized egg can develop into every cell in an organism, then it would be classified as a

totipotent cell

Stop codons are produced by what type of mutation?

Nonsense mutation

Nucleic acids carry an overall negative charge due to

phosphate groups

To study the structure of a virus particle, what type of microscope should be used?

Scanning electron microscope

Which of the following is not required to amplify a segment of DNA for further analysis?

RNA polymerase

The most publically controversial type of cloning is

reproductive cloning

The proteins that make it possible to cut DNA from the genome of once cell and transfer that DNA to another cell are called

restriction enzymes