ch 2 & 3 anatomy key terms

dendrites

are short and conduct the information recieved toward the cell body

axons

long and conduct the information away from the cell body.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

remaining nerves of the body

afferent

neurons transmit sensory information toward the CNS such that the information being carried to the brain affects the receiving end

sensory nerves

Afferent fibers

Motor Nerves

efferent nerves

Cranial nerves

arise primarily from the brainstem on the inferior surface of the brain

Spinal Nerve

31 pairs orginate at the spinal cord and connect the peripheral nerves to the CNS

dorsal nerve roots

sensory v

ventral nerve roots

motor

dermatome

area of skin that supplied by an individual spinal nerve

cervical plexus

formed by the ventral rami of c1-c4 spinal verves

brachial plexus

innervation to the upper extremity through five primary terminal braches: axillary, musculocutaneous , median, radial, and ulnar

peripheral nerve injury

a direct injury to the nerve known as neuropraxia

axonotmesis

more severe nerve injuries may involve interruption of the axons

neurotmesis

the entire nerve

lumbar plexus

L1-L4 innervates many of the muscles of the pelvis and thigh that stabilize the body and contribute motion and strength to the hip and knee functional mobility

sacral plexus

several nerves emerge and travel a short distance to innervate muscles adjacent to the plexus such as the superior and inferior gluteal nerves

Autonomic Nervous System ( ANS)

subconscious, involuntary processes are directed and regulated in large part

homeostasis

functionally they provide pathways for the ANS to monitor and regulate the activity of various organs to maintain

sympathetic nervous systems

typircally involves expending energy within the body

parasympathetic nervous system

works to conserve energy “rest and digest” when the situation does not demand expending high energy as when sleeping

Sensorimotor system

turning the page in a book

somatosensation or tactile sensation

describes the sensation received from the skin, limbs, and joints

proprioception

information about the body’s position and movement

sterognosis

the brain creates associations between sensory input and vairious objects, allowing you to identify an object based on sensory input alone

spinal tracts

bundles of axons dedicated to a particular type of sensory input

sensory cortex

conscious sensory information is received and processed

motor planning areas

once the sensation is perceived and interpreted the information is used to plan purposeful movements

motor cortex

after movements are planned, the motor commands and sent by

Co contraction

the muscls that form the core and surround the axial skeleton and simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles, contributing to static and dynamic stability for occupational performance

trunk

used to describe the body’s core region, the back, abdomen, thorax, and pelvis

Vertebral ( Spinal) column

used to describe all of the vertebrae that form the skeletal structure of the spine

axial skelton

the human body includes the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, as well as the skull

Primary Curve

concave anteriorly

secondary curves

in the form of lordosis ( concave posteriorly)

radiculopathy

nerve root compression

differential diagnosis

an important part of clinical reasoning

cervical spine

seven cervical vertebrae

nuchal ligament

unique structure of the cervical spine that extends inferiorly from the external occipital protuberance of the skull

thoracic spine

12 vertebral column and providing the posterior attachment for the ribs

lumbar spine

5 vertebrae the largest and least mobile of the vertebral column providing stable base of support for the upper body

intra abdominal pressure

stabilizes the lumbar spine for lifting and facilitates respiration, childbirth, and defecation

stagger stance

with one foot slightly in front of the other and the hips and knees somewhat flexed, has several bedefits when lifting or performing IADLs like vacuuming or sweeping a floor

Cerebral palsy (CP)

involves abnormal muscle tone, which often affects core strength, function, and development, even when cognition is intact

dermatome

over time the compression may impact the spinal nerve’s specific sensory path

Fusion

adjacent vertebrae and laminectomy, removal of the lamina are common surgical procedures for addressing back pain associated with vertebral instability

Spinal Cord Injury ( SCI)

broad terms is an injury to the spinal cord that blocks the transmission of neurological signals from the brain and body, resulting in functional impairment

Low Back Pain (LBP)

Spinal flexion may be limited after surgery