Spain (1918-1939): political, social and economic conditions in Spain; the Primo de Rivera regime; polarization and political parties under the Second

What characterized political instability in Spain during the reign of King Alfonso XIII?

Weak monarchy and parliamentary instability.

What were the two main political factions in Spain during this period?

Conservatives (monarchists, military, Church) and Liberals (Republicans, socialists, anarchists, communists).

Which regions in Spain demanded autonomy leading to rising regionalism?

Catalonia and Basque Country.

What did historian Paul Preston mean when he stated that 'Spain's lack of political cohesion made civil war almost inevitable'?

The divisions in Spanish society and politics were so severe that conflict was likely.

What was one major cause of social unrest in Spain?

A large wealth gap due to the latifundia system, which kept land in the hands of a few elites.

How did the urban workers react to the social conditions in Spain?

They radicalized, leading to the growth of anarchism (CNT-FAI) and socialism (UGT).

What impact did the Church's influence have on Spanish politics?

Leftist groups sought secular reforms in opposition to the Catholic Church's power.

What economic event in 1929 worsened Spain's struggles?

The Great Depression, leading to high unemployment and strikes.

What can be said about the Primo De Rivera regime between 1923-1930?

It was marked by a military coup, dictatorship, infrastructure improvements, and suppression of left-wing opposition.

What precipitated the downfall of Miguel Primo de Rivera?

Failure to resolve Spain's divisions and loss of support after the Great Depression.

What was the significance of the Second Republic established in 1931?

It marked a shift toward left-wing reforms and a secular state.

What led to the growth of right-wing opposition during the Second Republic?

The right viewed leftist reforms as an attack, resulting in conservative victories in elections.

What were the short-term causes leading to the Spanish Civil War?

The election of the leftist coalition Popular Front in February 1936 and the military coup led by Francisco Franco in July 1936.

What were some long-term causes of the Spanish Civil War?

Deep social and economic divisions, political polarization, and weakened democratic institutions.

Which countries were involved in foreign support during the Spanish Civil War?

Germany, Italy, and the USSR, providing various military and economic assistance to either Nationalists or Republicans.

What were some reasons for the Nationalist's victory in the Spanish Civil War?

Superior military leadership, better foreign support, Republican disunity, and effective use of terror against opposition.

What happened on April 1, 1939, marking the end of the Spanish Civil War?

The war officially ended with Franco's victory and establishment of a dictatorship.