Diversity of Life

What are the taxonomic divisions?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

*Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

What are the three domains?

1. Archaea → Prokaryotic cell

2. Eubacteria → Prokaryotic cell

3. Eukarya → Eukaryotic cell

What are the nine characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

1. Single celled

2. No organelles

3. DNA is circular

4. peptidoglycan

5. Conjugation/ transformation

6. Binary fission

7. Pili and fimbriae for adhesion

8. Flagella- Flagellin

9. 70s ribosomes

What are the eight characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

1. Single and multicellular organisms

2. organelles

3. nucleus

4. DNA bound to histone proteins, linear

5. Introns

6. Have cilia or flagella- tubulin

7. 80s ribosomes

8. Mitosis and meiosis

What are heterotrophs?

They are organisms that obtain energy by the consumption of organic molecules produced by autotrophs

• Parasites, Saprophytes ( live off dead, decaying matter)

What are autotrophs?

Organisms that make their own organic molecules

• Photoautotrophs ( use light), Chemoautotrophs ( use inorganic molecules)

What is the oldest domain?

Archaea

What makes archaea different from domain bacteria?

Even tho they are prokaryotic cells, it has some eukaryotic characteristics

• No pathogenic

• ribosomes are different

• DNA has introns

• Histone proteins

• Phospholipids with ether linkage to glycerol and hydrocarbon

• No peptidoglycan

What are the three types of archaea?

1. Methanogens: Obligate anaerobes that produce methane. Found in the GI tract

2. Thermophiles: Heat lovers and are sulfur-based chemoautotrophs

3. Halophiles: Salt lovers, and most are aerobic, but some can be anaerobic. Some are photosynthetic and heterotrophic

What are five characteristics of the domain Eubacteria?

1. They are a prokaryotic cell type

2. Their cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan. Gram + or Gram -

3. No histone proteins for DNA, unlike Archaea and Eukarya

4. Ribosome composition is different

5. Endospores

What are the three types of shapes of bacteria?

1. Bacillus - rod shape

2. Coccus- spherical shape

3. Sprillium- Spiral shape

What are the two groups of Eubacteria?

1. Strepto- Multiple cells in a chain

2. Staphyl- Cluster of cells

What are the two main types of bacteria?

1. Nitrogen-fixing and Nitrifying bacteria: Mutualistic relationship with plants

2. Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae): Photosynthetic bacteria ( NOT EUKARYOTIC ALGAE!)

What is the lytic cycle of the virus?

It occurs when the virus injects its genetic material into a host cell, hijacking the cell’s machinery (enzymes) to produce more viruses.

The new virus erupts from the host and kills the cell in the process

What are retroviruses?

RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to make DNA from its RNA

RNA → DNA

What is the lysogenic cycle?

It occurs when the virus hides in a host genome, known as a prophage in bacteria or a provirus when it’s dormant.

After the dormant virus receives a certain signal from the environment, it undergoes the lytic cycle and kills the cell

Viral envelopes are primarily seen in?

A virus that attacks animals

What are the three ways a virus is released?

1. Budding

2. Apoptosis

3. Exocytosis

What is a prophage?

A viral genome that integrates into bacterial genomes

What is a provirus?

Viral genomes that integrate into eukaryotic genomes

How do bacteria defend themselves against viruses?

1. Cell surface mutations: Mutations that occur to prevent phages from identifying bacterial surface proteins

2. Restriction enzymes: Cut the phage DNA at a specific recognised sequence, preventing it from being duplicated or replicated

3. CRISPR-Cas system: The viral genome is cleaved and destroyed

What are antigenic drift and antigenic shift?

Antigenic drift: infects the same host species

Antigenic shift: Increase viral host ranges

What are the other infectious particles?

1. Prions: Infectious mis-folded proteins that cause other proteins to mis-fold (Mad cow disease) (Slow progression) (Resistance to deactivaion)

2. Viroids: Simple molecules of ssRNA that infect plants

What are the four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya?

1. Protista

2. Fungi

3. Plantae

4. Animalia

What are four characteristics of the kingdom Protista?

• Eukaryotic

• Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular

• Can have a symbiotic relationship or be free living

• All types live in moist environments

What are the three types of protists?

1. Plant-like protists

2. Animal-like protists

3. Fungus-like protists

What makes a plant-like protist, and what are three important examples?

• They are aquatic photosynthetic autotrophs (What makes them a protist)

  Examples:

• They are chloroplasts

• They differ from plants because they do not have leaves, roots, stems etc.

• They are critical primary producers in food webs

What are three examples of plant-like protists?

• Dinoflagellates are a common example (parasitic). They are unicellular with two flagella. They cause red tide and are considered both heterotrophic and autotrophic

• Euglenoids are unicellular and clump together. Some are photosynthetic and live primarily in freshwater. They are covered in a pellicle rather than a cell wall

• Diatoms are a type of unicellular algae that clump together. Live in both fresh and marine environments. They are classified base on shape

What’s an algae?

It is an informal taxonomic group and lives in aquatic environments. They are uni and multicellular and are photosynthetic. They do not have any plant tissue like leaves, roots,stems, etc.

Are brown algae under the kingdom Protista?

No! They are a common type of algae that are multicellular and live in a marine environment

-Seaweeds and kelp

What are the two common phyla of Algae that are plant-like protists?

1. Chlorophyta (Green Algae) are both uni and multicellular

2. Rhodophyta (Red algae) multicellular without a flagellum

What makes a fungus-like protist and some important characteristics?

• Refers to slime or water mold and does not have chitin.

  Examples

• Reproduce by spores, just like fungi

• Heterotrophic

• Decomposers

What makes animal-like protists and some examples?

• Often called Protozoa

  Example

• Unicellular

• Motile

• Heterotrophic

• Phagocytosis

What are the five types of animal- like protista?

• Foraminifera: produce a test (shell) and are found on the sea bottom or near the surface

• Paramecium: Unicellular ciliate

• Amoeboid: Pseudopodia that move using their cytoplasm

• Apicomplexans: Parasites of animals

• Plasmodium: An animal-like protist that causes malaria

What are the six characteristics that make up the kingdom fungi?

• Mushrooms, mold, yeast

• Uni or multicellular

• Chitin

• all heterophic

• all saprophytes

• Hypha

What are four examples of non-filamentous fungi (Part of the kingdom fungi)?

• Yeast

• Facultatively anaerobic

• Unicellular

• Asexual reproduction by budding (exact same)

What are the five characteristics of filamentous fungi?

• Molds

• Multicellular

• Sexual reproduction

• Aerobic

• Mycelium: a network of hyphae (roots) that connect fungi

What are the two types of Mycelium?

1. Coenocytic hyphae: No division of hyphae and multinucleated

2. Septate hyphae: Have septa (cell walls that seperate hyphae)

What is Haustoria?

It is a specialized hyphae that penetrate the cell walls of an organism ( parasitic)

Filamentous fungi can undergo what type of reproduction?

• Asexual reproduction ( Budding, Fragmentation, spores)

• Sexual (Genetic variation): Plasmogamy (Hyphae of two different fungi grow towards each other and fuse their cytoplasm), Karyogamy (After plasmogamy, their nuclei fuse to make a diploid organism, Meiosis ( Haploid spores grow into new organisms)

What are Lichens?

A mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae ( Algae provides sugar via photosynthesis → Fungi protect the algae)

What is mycorrhiza?

A mutualistic relationship between fungi and the roots of plants

What are the two suffixes of fungi?

• -mycota

• -mycete

What are the six characteristics of the kingdom Plantae?

• Multicellular

• Autotrophic

• Photosynthetic pigments ( Chlorophyll)

• Cellulose

• Sexual and asexual reproduction

• Undergo alternation of generations

What is the name of the plantae that do not have body differentiation, and those that do?

Don’t: Thallophyte

Do: Bryophytes and Tracheophytes

What are the four characteristics of Thallophytes?

• The simplest form of plant

• Lack of structure

• No vascular system

• Aquatic

What are plants called if they do have a vascular system, and those that don’t?

Do: Tracheophytes

Don’t: Bryophytes

What are the five characteristics of Bryophytes?

• Different plant body but lack vascular system

• Grow horizontally with the help of rhizoids that absorb water

• Found both in land and aquatic habitats

• Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

• Dominant gametophytes ( Haploid n stage)

What are the three characteristics of tracheophytes?

• Different plant bodies and have a vascular system

• Grow vertically with the help of xylem ( transport from the roots) and phloem ( transport from photosynthesis)

• Dominant sporophyte 2n diploid stage

What is a common seedless tracheophyte?

• horsetail

• Fern

• Club moss

What are plants called if they produce flowers and those that don’t?

• Gymnosperms: Bear naked seeds

• Angiosperms: Bear seeds inside fruits

Gymnosperms prefer what stage of reproduction?

Dominant sporophyte 2n diploid stage

• conifers are an example of gymnosperms

What are two characteristics of Angiosperms?

• Flowers house their reproductive organs

• Can undergo double fertilization: One male gamete (1n) fuses with the female egg gamete (1n) to form an embryo (2n), and another male gamete fuses with the polar nuclei to form endosperm

Angiosperms can be divided into two groups.

• Monocotyledons: parallel veins, scattered vascular, and flower parts in multiples of 3

• Dicotyledons: Net-like veins, ringed vascular, and flowers parts in multiples of 4 or 5

What are six characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia?

• all multicellular

• all heterotrophic

• Most are motile during some part of their life cycle

• no cell wall

• 2 or 3 tissue layer

• 10 phyla in the kingdomdom

What are the three-body symmetry types?

1. Bilateral symmetry (left/right): The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves (Head and tail). Cephalization- collection of nervous tissue in the front of an animal ( brain) → Most but not all bilateral animals have cephalization

2. Radical symmetry: Circular arrangement around a central axis. Oral side and aboral side (w/ o a mouth)

3. Asymmetry: No symmetry

What are the two types of tissues of animalia?

1. Parazoa: Lack tissue, no complex design, no specialized organs, and only one phylum → Porifera (sponges)

2. Metazoan (Eumetazoa): Have tissues, complex, specialized organs, and everything besides sponges.

What are the two germ layers?

• Diploblasts: Two germ layers → Endoderm ( inner layer) and Ectoderm ( outer layer

• Triploblasts: Three germ layers → Endoderm, mesoderm ( middle layer) , and ectoderm

What is a protostome? And a deuterostome?

Protostome: If the blastopore becomes the mouth

Deuterostome: If the blastopore becomes the anus

What are the two digestive systems tract?

1. Incomplete digestive tract ( two-way) : Only a single opening for food, no anus, and food digested in a gastrovascular cavity

2. Complete digestive tract ( one-way) Mouth and anus also referred to as alimentary canal

What are monoecious and dioecious?

Mono: individual have both male and female reproductive organs

Dio: only one type of gamete

What are the nine characteristics of Porifera (sponges)?

• Parazoa = no tissue

• Not diploblastic or triploblastic → no coelom

• Asymmetrical ( only phylum)

• Intracellular digestion

• Asexual ( fragmentation or budding) and sexual ( hermaphrodites) release either sperm or eggs

• They are suspension feeders: they feed on particles in water

• Sessile

• Choanocyte: cells that have flagella

• spicules: Sharp needle-like structure

What are the seven characteristics of the Cnidaria phylum? ( jellyfish, coral , hydras)

• Diploblast (Metazoa)

• No coelom → because they are not triploblastic

• Radial symmetry

• Incomplete Digestive Tract→ two way digestion

• Sexual and asexual reproduction

• Polyp (sessile)stage

• Medusa ( mobile stage)

What are the eight characteristics of platyhelminthes (Trematodes, Tapeworms, flatworms)?

• Triploblastic (Metazoa)

• Acoelomates → no coelom

• Bilateral symmetry → Cephalization = brain

• Incomplete digestive tract → two way digestion

• Sexual (Hermaphrodites) and asexual reproduction

• Two nerve cords - a collection of nerves that span the length of their bodies

• Excretory system → Protonephridia excretion / collection of flame cells

• Flame cells → aid i osmoregulation

  FLAME CELLS in a bundle are called PROTONEPHRIDIA

What are the five characteristics of nematoda ( roundworms and hookworms)?

• Triploblastic → pseudocoelomate

• Bilateral symmetry→ no cephalization but has nerve cords

• Complete digestive tract

• Wide range of reproduction → monoecious, dioecious, and parthenogenetic

• Have an exoskeleton cuticle that can be shed in a process called ecdysis

What are the six characteristics of the Rotifera phylum?

• Triploblastic → pseudocoelomates

• Bilateral symmetry → Cephalization

• Complete one-way digestion

• Have a corona → structure that has cilia to sweep food into the mouth

• Sexual parthenogenetic reproduction

• Have flame cells for osmoregulation ( excretion)

What are the nine characteristics of annelida ( leeches and earthworms)?

• Triploblastic → coelomates

• Protostome → Mouth forms first

• Bilateral symmetry → cephalization

• Complete one-way digestion

• Hermaphrodites and regeneration reproduction

• Circulatory system→ closed: blood is found in vessels and is pumped

• Segmented worms + chaetae (hair-like bristles)

• Metanephridia → glands for excretion and osmoregulation

• Oligochaetes and polychaetes are two commonly mentioned classes

  most advance

• Triploblastic → coelomate

• Protostome

• Bilateral symmetry → only in some molluscs

• Complete digestive tract → Radula

• Metanephridia for excretion