PLTW HBS Bone Review

Made using 1.14, and types of bones and bone anatomy power point notes

What are the 4 different types of bone?

long, short, flat, irregular

Long Bone

typically longer than they are wide, have a shaft with heads at both ends, contain mostly compact bone, ex) femur, humerus

Short Bone

generally cube-shape, contain mostly spongy bone, ex) carpals, tarsals

Flat Bone

thin and flattened, usually curved, thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone, ex) skull, ribs, sternum

Irregular Bone

irregular shape, do not fit into any other bone classification, ex) vertebrae, hip bone

Diaphysis (gross [base level] anatomy of a long bone)

shaft of the long bone, composed of compact bone with a central cavity

Epiphysis (gross [base level] anatomy of a long bone)

ends of the bone, composed mostly of spongy bone, has a thin layer of compact bone, is capped with articular cartilage

Periosteum (structures of a long bone)

outside covering of the diaphysis, fibrous connective tissue membrane, provides nutrient-rich blood for bone cells and is a source of bone-developing cells during growth or after a fracture

Articular cartilage (structures of a long bone)

covers the external surface of the epiphysis, made of hyaline cartilage, decreases function at joint surfaces, is smooth slippery and bloodless

Medullary cavity / Yellow marrow (structures of a long bone)

cavity of the shaft, contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults, contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

Where is yellow bone marrow found in?

long bones

Where is red bone marrow found in?

compact bones

Epiphyseal line or disk

also called the growth plate; found on both ends of the long bone

Cancellous (spongy) bone and Marrow

mainly found within the epiphysis and has a textured appearance where it contains red marrow, small needle-like pieces of bone, many open spaces

Compact bone

dense bone found in the diaphysis, it's repeated pattern is arranged in concentric layers of solid bone tissue, is the layer underneath the periosteum

Endostuem

lines the medullary cavity of the bone

Osteon (microscopic anatomy of the bone)

a unit of bone

Central (Haversian) canal (microscopic anatomy of the bone)

opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves

Perforating (Volkmann's) canal (microscopic anatomy of bone)

canal perpendicular to the central (haversian) canal, carries blood vessels and nerves

Lacunae (microscopic anatomy of the bone)

cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes), arranged in concentric rings

Lamellae (microscopic anatomy of the bone)

rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae

Canaliculi (microscopic anatomy of bone)

tiny canals, radiate from the central canal to lacunae, form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

Osteoclasts

bone-destroying cells, break down bone matrix for remodeling and the release of calcium.

Bone remodeling

a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts