BASIC GRAMMAR

is a word that has the same sound as another word but has a different meaning. It may or may not have the same spelling.

Homophones

used with “if”, shows a probability or a condition

Then

used for comparison

Than

contraction of it is

It’s

: the possessive of it

ITS

the letter I is alaways

capital

MONTHS, DAYS OF THE WEEK, AND HOLIDAYS are capitalized, but

seasons are not.

The NAMES OF TOWNS, CITIES, STATES, COUNTRIES, PLANETS, BUILDINGS, SHIPS, MONUMENTS, and COMPANIES

capitalized

The FIRST WORD of a sentence is always , and every sentence ends in an .

capitalized, end mark.

Just because you have a capital letter at the beginning and a punctuation mark at the end does not mean you have a ?

complete sentence.

do not require periods, but they are capitalized.

ACRONYMS

it is to separate A CITY AND A STATE OR A CITY AND A COUNTRY.

comma

Formal definition and informal definition.

What are the 2 types of definition

is usually used in formal writing.

Formal definition

Formal definition has 3 parts

Species, genus , differentia

Is the term to be defined

Species

The distinguishing characteristics that separate the term from all the others

Differentia

It is Where the term belong

Genus

is the writer's  own idea of the word. It is subjective, personal, and used in informal and imaginativewriting.

Informal definition

It arouses the reader's curiosity.

rhetorical question

This is preferred for most technical writing based on the material which may be unfamiliar to the reader.

An explicit statement and the purpose of your thesis

To tell a story or relate an event.

➢Useful tool for sequencing or putting details and information into some kind of logical order, usually chronological

➢Literature uses narration heavily, but it also can be useful in non-fiction, academic writing for strong impact.

Narration

To recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that which is being described

➢ heavily based on sensory details: sight, sound, smell, feel, taste.

 

Description

An idea can be considered too general or abstract until we see it in action.

➢Exemplification extends this idea even further:

➢Carries one or more examples into great detail, in order to show the details of a complex problem in a way that’s easy for readers to understand.

Exemplification

Moves beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine a word or concept as we actually use and understand it.

➢ The writer's goal is to help the reader understand new terms or concepts, or to come to new understanding of terms they may be familiar with.

Definition

Discussion of the steps one must take to achieve a particular end

➢Some process analysis writing is intended for an audience that needs to learn how to perform a process themselves, for example, fixing a bent bicycle wheel, quitting smoking, finding a good job

Process analysis

takes one large concept, and divides it into individual pieces.

➢This is particularly useful when an author has a unique way of dividing the concepts, to provide new insight into the ways it could be viewed.

Classification/ Divisio

Focuses on similarities between things, and contrast focuses on their differences

➢ in academic essays is generally to show that one item is superior to another, based on a set of evaluations included as part of the writing.

Comparison and contrast

essays offer an explanation about why that sequence matters

➢Particularly powerful when the author can provide a relationship that the reader wasn’t expecting, and as a result see the situation in a new light.

Cause and effect

This type of academic writing has two equally important tasks:

➢Clearly identifying a problem, and then providing a logical, practical solution for that problem

Problem and solution

A paragraph develops only one idea. Similarly, an essay, which is a piece of writing with several paragraphs, is also about one topic. Often, topics are too complex and too broad to be developed

Essay

The essay is controlled by one main idea which is called them ?.

The thesis statement

It is usually the last sentence of the introductory paragraph. Each of the topic sentences in the body paragraph should relate to it .

 

Thesis statement

The thesis statement is made up of two parts

the topic and the specific points

The function of this is to serve as a "map" of the essay, outlining to your reader the main argument and points which you develop in your essay.

Introductory paragraph

are the heart of the essay, because their function is to explain, illustrate, discuss or prove the thesis statement.

Body paragraph

is a technique that allows you to include an original passage from a source in your work as a direct quote.

Quoting

you can paraphrase what the person or text said in your own words instead of copying it verbatim. Indirect quoting, also known as indirect speech or discourse, is mostly used to summarize what someone said in a talk or interview. it was never placed within quotation marks.

Indirect quoting

you include the source’s exact words framed within quotation marks.

Direct quoting

Involves restating ideas from the original text.

Summarizing