AP2 Final Wiley

Produces electrolytes

Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?

Regulates metabolism

Controls growth and development

Regulates glandular secretions

Produces electrolytes

Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

antagonistic effect

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, it is called a(n)

local effect.

circulating effect.

synergistic effect.

permissive effect.

antagonistic effect

Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell?

Signals from the nervous system

Chemical changes in the blood

Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

Releasing hormones.

Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

Neurohormones released from the hypothalamus

What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?

Muscle contraction

Neurohormones released from the hypothalamus

The peripheral nervous system

Action potentials from the thalamus

Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Synthesis of calcitonin

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4?

Coupling of T1 and T2

Oxidation of iodide

Synthesis of calcitonin

Iodination of tyrosine

Iodide trapping

Calcium

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?

Manganese

Chloride

Calcium

Sodium

Potassium

Dehydration

Which of the following conditions would result from hyposecretion of aldosterone?

Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

Metabolic alkalosis

Decreased airway dilation

Dehydration

Decreased heart rate

Insulin

Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

Insulin

Glucagon

Somatostatin

Thyroid hormones

Calcitonin

Thyroid Hormone

Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Insulin

Glucagon

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone

Which of the following hormones play key regulatory roles in the body's long-term response to stress?

hGH, Insulin, Aldosterone

Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroid hormone

Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone, Cortisol, hGH

Calcitonin, Thyroid hormone, Insulin

Increased digestive activities

Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to long-term stress?

Increased lipolysis

Increased glycogenesis

Increased breakdown of proteins

Increased gluconeogenesis

Increased digestive activities

Leptin enhances appetite.

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a body system and an endocrine contribution to that system?

Epinephrine depresses the activity of the digestive system.

Leptin enhances appetite.

Thyroid hormones promote normal development and growth of the skeleton.

Erythropoietin regulates the amount of oxygen carried in blood by adjusting the number of red blood cells.

Glucocorticoids depress inflammation and immune responses.

SAD

Hypersecretion of a hormone by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram results in a type of depression that affects some people during the winter months, when the day length is short, known as

thyroid crisis (storm).

Addisonian crisis.

general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

placenta.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the

hypothalamus.

ovaries.

testes.

pituitary gland.

placenta.

adipose tissue.

Leptin is a hormone produced by the

placenta.

pituitary gland.

ovaries.

testes.

adipose tissue.

Ectoderm

The anterior pituitary develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Ectoderm

A combination of two of the layers

None of the answer selections are correct

sebaceous gland

Which of the following glands is NOT an endocrine gland?

pituitary gland

thyroid gland

adrenal gland

sebaceous gland

pineal gland

Circulating hormone

Since insulin released from the pancreas is carried in the bloodstream to distant target cells, like muscle cells, it is considered to be a(n)

autocrine.

paracrine.

circulating hormone.

neurotransmitter.

local hormone.

All

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is secreted from an endocrine gland in response to a chemical change in the blood?

Parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid gland.

ADH release from the posterior pituitary gland.

All the answer selections are correct.

Glucagon release from the pancreas.

Insulin release from the pancreas.

follicle-stimulating hormone.

All the following hormones are produced and secreted by the ovaries EXCEPT

estradiol.

inhibin.

progesterone.

follicle-stimulating hormone.

estrone.

Production of oxygen

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the blood?

Transportation of heat

Production of oxygen

Transportation of nutrients

Regulation of blood pH

Protection against infectious disease

Hemocytoblasts are a common component of circulating blood.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding blood?

The normal average temperature of blood is around 100.4o F.

The normal pH range for blood is 7.35-7.45.

Blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and a liquid extracellular matrix.

Hemocytoblasts are a common component of circulating blood.

The primary circulating blood cell is the RBC.

hemopoiesis.

The process by which the formed elements of the blood develop is called

polycythemia.

hemopoiesis.

thrombocytosis.

hemostasis.

hematospermia.

erythropoietin (EPO)

Which of the following hormones stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?

human growth hormone (hGH)

calcitonin (CT)

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

thrombopoietin (TPO)

erythropoietin (EPO)

gas transport.

The major function of red blood cells is

cytokine stimulation.

blood cell proliferation.

gas transport.

disease resistance.

nutrient transport.

Neutrophil

Which of the following blood cells is a phagocyte?

Basophil

Platelet

Lymphocyte

Erythrocyte

Neutrophil

Basophil

Which of the following blood cells release granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions?

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

Basophil

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting

Which of following correctly lists the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel?

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting

anemia, hemogenesis, platelet plug formation

hemolysis, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation

vascular spasm, clotting, polycythemia

emigration, clotting, hemolysis

Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive

Which of the following situations could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood cells during a second pregnancy?

Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive

Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh positive

Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh negative

Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh negative

Heparin

Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils?

Fibrinogen

Thromboxane A2

Heparin

Plasmin

Prostacyclin

plasma without the clotting factors.

Serum is

the same as plasma.

the same as lymph.

formed during the first step in blood clotting.

plasma without the clotting factors.

pulmonary interstitial fluid.

pernicious anemia

Reduced vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine due to reduced intrinsic factor production in the stomach results in condition called

megaloblastic anemia.

pernicious anemia.

aplastic anemia.

iron deficiency anemia.

hemorrhagic anemia.

aplastic anemia.

Destruction of red bone marrow due to radiation results in

megaloblastic anemia.

pernicious anemia.

iron deficiency anemia.

hemorrhagic anemia.

aplastic anemia.

megaloblastic anemia.

A condition in which inadequate intake of vitamin B12 or folic acid causes production of large abnormal red blood cells is called

iron deficiency anemia.

megaloblastic anemia.

pernicious anemia.

hemorrhagic anemia.

aplastic anemia.

a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.

Anemia is defined as

a condition where blood does not clot properly.

a condition where blood cells are lysed by the immune response.

a condition where there is excessive bleeding.

a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.

none of these choices.

120 days

The average life span of an erythrocyte in the circulation is

120 days.

4 to 5 hours.

4 to 5 years.

5 to 9 days.

120 weeks.

no nucleus

Which of the following are characteristics of BOTH erythrocytes and thromobocytes?

cytoplasmic granules

no nucleus

develop from myeloblasts

large segmented nucleus

lifespan of 5 to 9 days

more than one answer selection is correct

thrombocytes

Which of the following formed elements in blood are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after only 5 to 9 days in the circulation?

basophils

erythrocytes

monocytes

eosinophils

thrombocytes

the umbilical cord of a donor shortly after birth.

A cord-blood transplant involves obtaining the stem cells to transplant into the diseased patient from

the spermatic cord of a donor's testes.

the umbilical cord of a donor shortly after birth.

the irradiated bone marrow of the patient.

the spinal cord of an aborted fetus.

the spinal cord of the patient.

More than one of the answer selection is correct.

If type A blood is infused into a patient with type O blood, which of the following adverse reactions would you expect to observe in the patient?

More than one of the answer selection is correct.

No adverse reactions would occur.

Released hemoglobin clogging the filtration membrane of the kidneys.

Agglutination (clumping) of the transfused blood cells.

Complement-induced hemolysis of the transfused blood cells.

AB negative

Which of the following blood types is a person whose blood cells were agglutinated by both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, but not by anti-Rh serum?

AB negative

AB positive

O negative

O positive

None of the selections are correct

Mediastinum

Which of the following terms identifies the anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm?

Epicardium

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pericardium

Mediastinum

pericardium

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the

pleura.

endocardium.

pericardium.

myocardium.

mediastinum.

fibrous pericardium.

The outermost layer of the pericardium, which consists of inelastic dense irregular connective tissue, is called the

endocardium.

fibrous pericardium.

epicardium.

parietal layer of pericardium.

serous pericardium.

Pericardial fluid

Which of the following is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart?

Capillary endothelium

Synovial fluid

Endocardium

Pleural fluid

Pericardial fluid

Myocardium

Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue?

Myocardium

Epicardium

Pericardium

Endocardium

Hypocardium

gap junctions.

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by

desmosomes.

interneurons.

chordae tendinae.

tight junctions.

gap junctions.

Cardiac conduction system

Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart?

Pulmonary circuit

Intercalated discs

Cardiovascular center

Systemic circuit

Cardiac conduction system

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers, AV node, SA node, Bundle of His

Bundle of His, SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers

Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, Atrioventricular (AV) node

Sinoatrial (SA) node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, Bundle of His

cardiac output.

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the

cardiac input.

stroke volume.

heart rate.

pulse pressure.

cardiac output.

systole

Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises?

diastole

filling

repolarization

systole

fibrillation

Semilunar valves closing

The second heart sound (dupp) closely follows which of the events listed below?

Semilunar valves opening

Atrioventricular valves opening

Atrioventricular valves closing

Semilunar valves closing

Valvular stenosis

Increased potassium levels in plasma

Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?

Increased sympathetic stimulation

Increased norepinephrine release

Increased potassium levels in plasma

Increased calcium levels in plasma

Increased thyroid hormone release

left or right, aorta or pulmonary trunk

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the _____ ventricle into the _____ each minute.

left, aorta

right, aorta

left or right, aorta or pulmonary trunk

right, pulmonary trunk

both left and right aorta are correct

Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium

What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life?

Prevents back flow of blood from pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle.

Prevents back flow of blood from aorta into the left ventricle.

Allowing blood to flow directly from the right ventricle into the left ventricle.

Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium.

Serves as a valve in the vena cava to regulate venous blood flow.

ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same

Isovolumetric contraction is the phase of the cardiac cardiac cycle in which

the semilunar valves are open.

ventricular repolarization occurs.

ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same.

atrial depolarization occurs.

oxygenated blood leaves the heart into the systemic circulation.

left ventricle

Which of the following chambers of the heart is surrounded by the thickest layer of myocardium?

right ventricle

right auricle

right atrium

left ventricle

left atrium

Valves

Heart murmurs are often heard in individuals with abnormalities in the _____ of the heart.

AV node

endocardium

valves

SA node

myocardium

a higher resting cardiac output.

In comparison to a sedentary individual, a well-trained athlete will usually have all the following characteristics EXCEPT

hypertrophy of the heart.

resting bradycardia.

a higher cardiac reserve.

a higher stroke volume.

a higher resting cardiac output.

cardiomyoplasty

A corrective cardiac procedure in which a large piece of a patient's own latissimus dorsi muscle is wrapped around the heart and stimulated by an implanted pacemaker to assist the pumping action of a damaged heart.

tetrology of Fallot

myocardial infarction

cardiomegaly

cardiomyopathy

cardiomyoplasty

Arteries

Which of the following blood vessels carries blood away from the heart to other organs?

arteries

capillaries

veins

venules

arterioles

Veins

Which of the following blood vessels carries blood from the tissues back to the heart?

arteries

capillaries

arterioles

aorta

veins

Diffusion

Which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange?

bulk flow

primary active transport

secondary active transport

diffusion

transcytosis

blood colloid osmotic pressure.

The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is

blood colloid osmotic pressure.

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.

blood hydrostatic pressure.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Cardiac output

The volume of blood that circulates through the systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels per minute is called

cardiac reserve.

total peripheral resistance.

stroke volume.

tidal volume.

cardiac output.

Heart rate and stroke volume

Cardiac output is dependent on both

heart rate and stroke volume.

stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance.

blood pressure and heart rate.

heart rate and systemic vascular resistance.

blood type and stroke volume.

Increased arteriolar vasodilation

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in arterial blood pressure?

Increased heart rate

Increased blood volume

Increased sympathetic stimulation

Increased stroke volume

Increased arteriolar vasodilation

Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.

Which of the following is NOT a contribution of the cardiovascular system to other body systems?

Blood delivers calcium and phosphate ions that are needed for building bone extracellular matrix.

Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.

Blood carries newly absorbed nutrients and water to the liver.

Blood circulates cells and chemicals that carry out immune functions.

Blood delivers clotting factors and WBCs that aid in hemostasis when skin is damaged.

Medulla oblangata

The cardiovascular center is located

in the cerebral cortex.

in the thoracic cavity.

in the medulla oblongata.

in the cerebellum.

in the hypothalamus.

2 and 4

In which of the following types of blood vessels is blood pressure NOT pulsing?

1. Arteries

2. Capillaries

3. Arterioles

4. Venules

1 only

2 only

3 only

4 only

Both 2 and 4

pulse pressure

Abnormal conditions such as atherosclerosis and patent ductus arteriosus cause an large increase in the

venular hydrostatic pressure.

capillary hyrdostatic pressure.

central venous pressure.

blood colloid osmotic pressure.

pulse pressure.

Hypovolemic

This type of shock is due to decreased blood volume.

Hypovolemic

Obstructive

Vascular

Neurogenic

Cardiogenic

ANP

Which of the following would NOT occur in response to hypovolemic shock?

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system.

Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Release of local vasodilators.

Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS.

Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

All the veins of the systemic circulation eventually drain into the

superior vena cava.

superior and inferior vena cava.

coronary sinus.

inferior vena cava.

superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

R & L pulmonary arteries

The pulmonary trunk divides into

right and left common carotid arteries.

right and left pulmonary arteries.

right and left subclavain arteries.

right and left pulmonary veins.

brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery.

Mesenteric

Which of the following vessels supplies blood to the intestines?

Radial artery

Popliteal artery

Coronary artery

Subclavian artery

Mesenteric artery

Tibial vein

Which of the following vessels drains blood from the lower leg?

Tibial vein

Jugular vein

Superior vena cava

Coronary vein

Inferior mesenteric vein

Jugular vein

Which of the following vessels drains blood from the head and neck?

Femoral vein

Jugular vein

Inferior vena cava

Median cubital vein

Axillary vein

Inferior vena cava

Which of the following vessels carries the venous blood from the lower body into the right atrium?

Superior vena cava

Tibial vein

Inferior vena cava

Coronary vein

Iliac vein

Angioblasts

During embryonic development, blood vessels are formed by

angioblasts.

osteoblasts.

pluripotent stem cells.

fibroblasts.

endodermal cells.

Increased compliance of the aorta

All of the following changes are commonly observed in the cardiovascular system in response to aging EXCEPT

decreased cardiac output.

increased compliance of the aorta.

loss of cardiac muscle strength.

decline in maximum heart rate.

increased systolic blood pressure.

Stage 1

Which of the following categories would an individual with a blood pressure of 145/95 be placed in?

Normal

Prehypertension

Stage 2 hypertension

Stage 1 hypertension

High normal

Maintaining water homeostasis in the body

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic and immune system?

Carrying out immune responses

Maintaining water homeostasis in the body

Draining excess interstitial fluid

Transporting dietary lipids

Location

What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?

Composition of electrolytes

Location

Types of proteins present

Red blood cells are present in interstitial fluid

White blood cells are present in lymph

Macrophages

Which of these does NOT provide a physical or chemical barrier?

Urine

Stratified squamous epithelium

Macrophages

Saliva

Mucus

Mucus production

Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

Redness

Pain

Heat

Mucus production

Swelling

Immunocompetent

When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are described as being

Immunocompetent

Pluripotent stem cells

Primary lymphatic cells

Specifically promoted

Germ cells

Antigen presenting cells

Which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells?

T cells

Primary lymphocytes

Epitope cells

Antigen presenting cells

RBC

T cell

To become activated, which of the following requires being bound to a foreign antigen AND simultaneous costimulation?

Interferon

Antigen presenting cell

MHC antigen

B Cell

T Cell

Helper T cells

Which cells display CD4 proteins and interact with MHC Class II antigens?

Helper T Cells

Memory T Cells

MHC antigens

B cells

Cytotoxic T cells

IgA

Which class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions?

IgM

IgD

IgA

IgE

IgG

Opsonization

Which action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis?

Cytolysis

Inflammation

Complement

Hybridoma

Opsonization

Anergy cells

Which of the following is an inactive, self responsive cell?

Anergy cell

Hybridoma cell

Epitopic cell

Natural killer cell

Deleted cell

immunodeficiency diseases

The inability of the immune system to protect the body from a pathogen causes

transplantations

autoimmune disease

graft

immunodeficiency diseases

allergy

Anaphylatic

An acute allergic response can lead to:

active immunity

transplantation

anaphylactic shock

retroviruses

passive immunity

Allergen

Antigens that induce an allergic reaction are called

granulysin

allergen

interleukin-1

lymphotoxin

perforin

T helper cells

Which cell is involved in both types of adaptive immunity?

T Helper cells

Macrophages

Cytotoxic T Cells

B lymphocytes

Eosinophils

Increased response of T cells to antigens

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system?

Decreased response to vaccines

Decreased production of antibodies

Increased response of T cells to antigens

Increased susceptibility to malignancies

Increased susceptibility to infections

Inhibition of the immune system

Which of the following is an effect of stress on the immune system?

Increased activity of B lymphocytes

Increased activity of T lymphocytes

Increased production of antibodies

Activation of the immune system

Inhibition of the immune system

Helper T cells

Which cells of the immune system are the primary targets the HIV virus?

B cells

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Antigen-presenting cells

All of these cells are affected by HIV