History Final

Define "Jihad":

Fair defensive warfare permitted by the Quaran

What individual received revelations from the Archangel Gabriel, which became the foundations of the Islamic faith?

Muhammad

Who was the first to develop Predestination?

John Calvin

What is considered the "holy city" of Islam?

Mecca

Where is is the "holy city" of Islam located?

Present day Saudi Arabia

Why is it considered the "holy city"?

Because it was built by Abraham and Ishmael, who most Muslims trace their linneage to; It also houses the Kaaba that holds the Black Stone which is very holy.

Why were Muslim soldiers often considered the "most courageous" of all soldiers throughout the World?

They were promised that they would be rewarded in the afterlife for dying as a soldier, and were not afraid of death.

What is the difference between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims?

The Shiite accepted only the descendants of Ali as the true rulers of Islam.
The Sunni did not all agree with Umayyad rule, but accepted the Umayyads as rulers.

List the "Five Pillars of Islam":

Belief, prayer, Charity, Fasting, Pilgrimage

What was the traditional role of women within the Arab Empire?

Women were at the mercy of men within society for the most part; marriages were arranged and adultery was forbidden; Women had to cover their entire bodies when in public.

What is the difference between the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties?

The Umayyad dynasty was a conquering dynasty. The Abbasid dynasty dynasty was a politically and economically power.

What major "holy city" was a primary focus of Christians during the Crusades.

Jerusalem

Were Christian forces able to permanently take control of this "holy city"?

No Christian forces weren't able to permanently take control of Jerusalem..

Identify the social order established by the Feudal System:

Kings
Lords
Knights
Serfs

What did the Inquisitors of the Inquisition do to those accused of heresy?

Were tortured until they confessed and them punished. those that did not confess were executed.

On what basis did the Catholic Church believe the actions of the Inquisition were justifiable?

To use force in order to safe souls from damnation.

What two develops was St. Thomas Aquinas credited with establishing?

Theology and philosophy

What was the most important result or implication of the Crusades?

Stopped the expansion of Muslim states, to reclaim for Christianity the Holy land in the Middle East, and recapture territories that formally been christian.

What was the primary cause for the rapid spreading of the Black Death across Europe?

Rats carrying fleas infected with Bacteria.

The majority of soldiers that fought in the Crusades were predominately from which social class?

Peasants

How did an "apprentice" become a "guild master"?

By creating a masterpiece judged by the other masters.

Why were the Middle Ages also referenced as the "Dark Ages"?

There were new technological advances

Who painted the School of Athens?

Raphael's

What is the significance of the School of Athens?

Depiction of philosophers, political leaders, and scholars from Ancient Greece.

Who wrote the Divine Comedy?

Dante Alighieri

What was the major topic(s) of the Divine Comedy?

It is the story of the soul's journey to salvation. It contains Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven or Paradise.

What was the Ninety-Five Theses?

A list of Ninety-Five Theses to his church superiors, especially the local bishops about his complaints.

What huge event did this mark the beginning of?

Protestant Reformation

Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?

Michelangelo

What is regarded as the most important single piece artwork that is included in the collection of paintings in the Sistine Chapel?

Creation of Adam

Who wrote the Book of the Courtier?

Bladasare Castiglione

What was the significance of the Book of the Courtier?

Religious virtue

Who painted the Mona Lisa?

Leonardo da Vinci

Why is the Mona Lisa considered to be such a significant piece of art?

Evidence of his incredible talent in showing human expression. Also, was one of the few of Leonardo da Vinci paintings to survive.

Who wrote The Prince?

Niccolo Machiavelli

What was the purpose of The Prince?

To reject past principles that political leaders should behave based on ethic and Christian principles.

What traits did The Prince promote?

Greedy, deceiving, and self-centered

Who wrote the Ninety-five Theses?

Martin Luther

What is predestination?

Where God already chooses who receives salvation. It did not matter whether you believe or did good deeds. God made the final decision of your life.

What were the major cause of the onset of the Renaissance?

A secular view of the world , a rebirth of interest in Ancient Italian and Greek culture, a new view of humans and emphasis on individual ability.

Patricians:

Wealthy bankers, merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Bourgeoisie:

Middle class, including merchants, industrialists

Burghers:

Artisans, Shopkeepers, guild masters, guild members

Which social class primarily benefited from the Renaissance?

Patricians

Into what major denominations is Christianity broken up into following the Reformation?

*Eastern Orthodox
*Roman Catholic
-Protestantism

List 5 major historical figures from Ancient Greece that were portrayed in the School of Athens:

Ptolemy, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras, Aristotle

What made the Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci such a revolutionary work of art?

Use of perspective

Describe a "Liberal Arts" education:

Is a well rounded experience and education. Liberal arts wants you to have array of Knowledge on all different subjects.

Define Humanism:

The theology of ancient Greek and roman literature and art work. Has a emphasize on ones self to learn poetry, moral philosophy, history, rhetoric, etc. is the bonding of secularism and individualism.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Extensive exchange of plants and animals between "Old World" and "New World".

Who benefited from the Columbian Exchange?

Europeans

According to most historians, what group of Europeans were the first to reach "The New World"?

Vikings

How did early European explores and settlers treat Native Americans?

Were crowded below deck in small compartments, were shackled together. If slaves were ill they were often thrown over board. Slaves would attempt to mutiny against the crew ship.

Triangular Trade

The trade between England's 13 colonies, the sugar islands in the Caribbean Sea, and Africa. This trade brought sugar from the Caribbean to New England Colonies, rum from New England to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Caribbean and southern Colonies.

What were the three major motivating factors that motivated the explorers?

Glory, Gold, God

What were the major advantages that Europeans has over Native Americans which allowed European to conquer various Native communities?

Guns and gunpowder, immunity to diseases, access to steel, superior ships

What was the Middle Passage?

The journey of slaves aboard ships to a destination across the Atlantic Ocean. There were crowded ships. Slaves were brutalized and brought to the western hemisphere against their will.

Which nation was the first to sail around Africa and establish the African slave trade?

Portugal

What nation was the first to establish numerous colonies across Central and South America.

Spain

Bartolomeu Dias

First to sail around the southern tip of Africa.

Amerigo Vespucci

First European to realize that the "New World" was in deed "new" and not part of Asia.

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztec Empire in Central America.

Vasco de Gama

First European to sail around Africa and reach India.

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incan Empire in South America.

Marco Polo

Established much of the land trade rout known as the "Silk Road".

Juan Ponce de Leon

Credited with discovering Florida during his search for the Fountain of Youth.

Ferdinand Magellan

First man to be credited with sailing around the world.

Who defeated the Spanish Armada?

English

How was the Armada defeated?

Wind blew the Spanish ships northwards.

What type(s) of women were often accused of witch craft in Europe?

Single or Widowed, over 50 years old

Who led the Round-heads too victory in the English Civil War?

Oliver Cromwell

Who were the Cavaliers that fought in the English Civil War?

Loyalists to the king

Who took power in England following the Glorious Revolution?

William and Mary

Why was the Glorious Revolution considered "Glorious"?

Was almost no bloodshed.

Define absolutism

A system of government in which a ruler holds total power.

What king/leader was the best example of absolutist rule in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries?

King Louis XVI

What were the major causes of the Thirty Years war?

A battle between the Catholic emperors of the Holy Roman Empire against Protestant forces.

What type of government was established immediately after the execution of King Charles I in England during the English Civil War?

Commonwealth

How did King Louis XVI prevent other nobles from possibly overthrowing his rule in France?

All facets of government within his palace at Versailles. He managed to distract royals and princes within France with "court life", while bribing local government leaders around the country.

Following the Glorious Revolution, what type or system of government was adopted by the English government?

Constitutional Monarchy

What were the religious beliefs of the Puritans in England during the 17th century?

Protestant

Major works written by William Shakespeare:

Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello

Define The Divine Right of Kings

Believed that kings recieved power directly from God and only answer to God.

Strengthened the Great Wall of China

Ming

Renovated the Grand Canal

Ming

Led by the Manchus

Qing

Began to isolate China from Western World

Qing

Embraced global exploration

Ming

Which Chinese explorer was able to reach the west coast of India and reach Africa as well?

Zheng He

What has been the tradition role(s) of women within Chinese society?

Women were typically household wives and did not have any freedoms or rights. Their feet were binded together to be made more attractive.

Define "Spheres of Influence"(as it pertains to China):

China's isolationist approach to the western world.

Explain the United States "Open Door Policy" in China?

The Us wanted access to trade in China and feared China would be overrun by European nations.

What were the direct effect of the Boxer Rebellion?

The western powers gave up the idea of colonizing China.

In 1949, what leader overthrew the Chinese government?

Mao Zedong

What new type of government did he install in China?

Communist

During the Scientific Revolution, what was the major purpose of the development of the Scientific Method(what was it used to find or establish?

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. Use of inductive reasoning to learn nature. Conduct experiments and us of observations to test hypotheses.

Define Deism:

Belief that God created the universe and set it into motion; The world has been guided by natural laws since then, God does interfere.

The "father of Capitalism", wrote The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

Discovered sunspots, mountains on Moon, planets are mad of matter

Galileo

Provided the basis for many of the rights found in the First Amendment of the Constitution

Voltaire