Untitled Flashcards Set

Internal Migration

Movement within a country.

International Migration

Movement across international borders.

Step Migration

Migration in stages (e.g., village → town → city).

Chain Migration

Migration due to relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrating.

Circular Migration

the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment

Transnational Migration

Migration where people maintain connections across borders.

Rural-to-Urban Migration

Movement from countryside to cities.

Return Migration

Returning to original country/place after migrating.

Guest Worker Migration

Temporary migration for labor, often from poorer to richer countries.

Forced Migration

Movement due to conflict, disasters, or persecution.

Ethnic Religion

Religion tied to a specific group/place (e.g., Judaism, Hinduism).

Universalizing Religion

Religion that seeks to convert others (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Buddhism).

Self-determination

Right of a people to govern themselves.

Antecedent Boundary

a political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and is often based on physical features such as rivers, mountains, or lines of latitude.

Relic Boundary

No longer used but still visible (e.g., Berlin Wall).

Subsequent Boundary

a political boundary that is established after a certain cultural or social landscape has developed, often reflecting the existing patterns of settlement and land use.

Consequent Boundary

a political boundary drawn to reflect existing cultural differences within a region.(india, pakistan)

Superimposed Boundary

a political border drawn by an external power without regard for pre-existing cultural, social, or ethnic divisions within the area.(e.g., Africa colonial borders).

Geometric Boundary

Based on straight lines (e.g., US-Canada along 49° N).

Law of the Sea: Territorial Zone

Up to 12 nautical miles; full sovereignty.

Law of the Sea: Contiguous Zone

12-24 nautical miles; laws on customs, immigration.

Law of the Sea: Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

200 nautical miles; rights to resources.

Market Gardening

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.

Shifting Cultivation

a form of subsistence agriculture where farmers clear land, cultivate it for a short period, and then abandon it when the soil is depleted, moving to a new plot to allow the original land to regenerate

Metes and Bounds

a system of land survey and description that utilizes natural features and man-made markers to define property boundaries

Long Lots

Narrow plots stretching from rivers/roads (French influence).

Township and Range

Grid system dividing land, used in Western US.

Von Thünen Model

Model of land use around cities based on cost and distance.

Gravity Model

a spatial interaction model that predicts the volume of interaction between two places based on their population sizes and the distance between them.

Christaller's Central Place Theory

explains the size, number, and distribution of human settlements by proposing that they serve as "central places" providing goods and services to surrounding areas. It emphasizes how these central places are strategically located to minimize travel distances for consumers and maximize market areas. The theory uses hexagons to illustrate the spatial layout of these central places and their market areas. 

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

a theory proposed by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1923 that describes how cities grow and develop in a predictable, circular pattern. It envisions a city as a series of concentric rings, each representing a distinct zone with unique characteristics and land uses. 

Key Concepts of the Model:

• Central Business District (CBD): The core of the city, characterized by commercial and business activity. 

• Zone of Transition: A area undergoing change, often with mixed residential and commercial uses, where new immigrants and low-income residents may settle. 

• Working-Class Residential Zone: Characterized by working-class housing and blue-collar jobs. 

• Middle-Class Residential Zone: Housing for the middle class, often with better quality housing than the working-class zone. 

• Commuter Zone: The outermost zone, where residents commute to work within the city. 

How the Model Works:

As a city grows, the model proposes that:

1. The CBD serves as the starting point.

2. The Zone of Transition develops around the CBD.

3. As the city expands, working-class and then middle-class residential areas develop outwards.

4. Finally, the Commuter Zone emerges as the outermost ring. 

Hoyt Sector Model

City grows in sectors around transport routes.

Multiple Nuclei Model

City with multiple centers (nodes).

Galactic/Peripheral Model

describes the decentralized urban form of modern cities, characterized by a central business district (CBD) surrounded by suburban areas and "edge cities".

Latin American City Model

Definition:
A model showing how cities in Latin America are structured, combining colonial and modern elements.

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Key Features to Know:

• CBD (Central Business District):

  • Located in the center

  • Dominated by colonial-era buildings and plazas

  • Contains the main commercial and government buildings

• Commercial Spine:

  • A corridor of shops, offices, and elite housing extending from the CBD

  • Well-developed and connects to a mall or edge city

  • Wealthy people live along this spine

• Elite Residential Sector:

  • Gated communities or luxury housing near the spine

  • Close to amenities and secure

• Zone of Maturity:

  • Older, middle-class housing around the CBD

  • Stable, established neighborhoods

• Zone of In Situ Accretion:

  • Mix of modest housing and some development

  • Transition zone between rich and poor areas

• Zone of Peripheral Squatter Settlements (Disamenity Zone):

  • Poor, informal housing on the city's edge

  • Often lacks infrastructure (roads, water, electricity)

  • Where new rural-to-urban migrants settle

• Industrial Park:

  • May be located along major roads or railways

  • Not always clearly separated like in U.S. cities

Sub-Saharan African City Model

3 CBDs (colonial, traditional, market zone).

Sub-Saharan African City Model (a.k.a. De Blij Model)

Definition:
A model that shows how cities in Sub-Saharan Africa are structured — influenced by colonialism, traditional African cities, and modern development.

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Key Features to Know:

• Three Central Business Districts (CBDs):

  1. Colonial CBD:

     • Built by Europeans

     • Has wide streets, government buildings, and infrastructure

  2. Traditional CBD:

     • Older, indigenous-style architecture

     • Informal economy and small businesses

  3. Market Zone:

     • Open-air markets

     • Informal trade, lively and busy

• Ethnic Neighborhoods:

  • Based on tribal/ethnic identities

  • Often fragmented or separated

• Mining and Industrial Zone:

  • Often on the outskirts

  • Near transport routes for export

• Squatter Settlements (Periphery):

  • On the far edges of the city

  • Very poor, often no legal land ownership

  • Lack of services and infrastructure

• No clear spine or wealthy core like in Latin America

  • Development tends to spread unevenly

Southeast Asian City Model

Centered around port, no clear CBD.

Megacity

City with a population of 10 million or more.

Metacity

City with a population of 20 million or more.

Boomburbs

Fast-growing suburban cities.

Exurb

Far-out suburbs, often commuter towns.

Edge City

Suburban area with business, retail, and entertainment.

Primate City Rule

1st city is more than double the 2nd (e.g., Paris).

Rank Size Rule

2nd largest city = ½ of the 1st, 3rd = ⅓, etc.

New Urbanism

Urban design to reduce sprawl and increase walkability.

Greenbelts

Zones of open land around cities to limit sprawl.

Urban Growth Boundary

Legal border to limit outward growth of cities.

Redlining

Denying loans in minority areas, discriminatory.

Blockbusting

Scaring white families to sell cheap due to minorities moving in.

Gentrification

Wealthier people move into poor areas, raising costs.

Primary Sector

Raw materials like farming and mining.

Secondary Sector

Manufacturing sector.

Tertiary Sector

Service sector.

Quaternary Sector

Information and research sector.

Quinary Sector

High-level decisions (e.g., CEOs, government leaders).

SEZ (Special Economic Zone)

Area with different trade laws to attract business.

EPZ (Export Processing Zone)

Area for manufacturing goods for export.

FTZ (Free Trade Zone)

Area with no tariffs or taxes on goods.

Neoliberal Policies

Free-market based policies like NAFTA and USMCA.

GDP

Total value of goods and services in a country.

GNP

GDP plus income from abroad.

GNI per capita (GNIPC)

GNI divided by population.

GII (Gender Inequality Index)

Measures gender inequality.

HDI (Human Development Index)

Measures development: income, education, life expectancy.

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

1. Traditional Society; 2. Preconditions; 3. Takeoff; 4. Drive to Maturity; 5. Mass Consumption.

Migration Transition Model

Links migration patterns to demographic transition model (DTM) stages.

Guest Workers

Migrants allowed to work temporarily in another country.