OT 2201 Knee - edit then duplicate to mega deck

What is the intermediate joint of the lower limb?

the knee

What kind of functional joint is the knee?

hinge (flexion and extension)

What kind of structural joint is the knee?

synovial joint

How many articulations are within the knee joint?

two articulations

What is the articulation between the distal femur and the proximal tibia?

tibiofemoral joint

What is the articulation between the patella and the femur?

patellofemoral joint

What part of the tibiofemoral joint has surfaces for the articulation with the femoral condyles?

tibial plateau

What part of the tibial plateau is angled and extends past the lateral condyle?

medial condyle

Why is the bony congruence of the knee joint poor?

the tibial plateaus are shallow

Due to the poor bony congruence of the knee joint, what is structure(s) are present as a result?

menisci

How many facets and ridges does the patella have?

three facets and one medial ridge that articulates with the femur

Where does the patella articulate with the femur at?

trochlear groove/patellar surface

What kind of patellar movement occurs during knee flexion?

patella glides down

What kind of patellar movement occurs during knee extension?

patella glides up

What is the dense connective tissue structure that surrounds a joint to maintains its structural integrity?

fibrous capsule

The fibrous capsule in the knee joint is ____________________ due to poor boney joint congruency?

very strong

What lines the inner surface of the fibrous capsule?

synovial membrane

What is the largest joint space in the body?

synovial cavity of the knee

What kind of ligaments are external to the joint capsule?

extracapsular ligaments

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee joint?

patellar ligament

lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

medial collateral ligament (MCL)

oblique popliteal ligament

arcuate popliteal ligament

What extracellular ligament is the distal part of the quadriceps tendon and is the anterior ligament of the knee?

patellar tendon (ligament)

Where does the patellar tendon pass from?

apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity

What is the small, triangular fat pad that is a cushion between patellar ligament and synovial capsule?

infrapatellar fat pad

What separates the patellar tendon from the synovial cavity?

infrapatellar fat pad

What ligament extends inferiorly from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula?

LCL

What is the fibular collateral ligament also known as?

lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

What is the shape of the LCL?

strong, rounded, cordlike ligament

What ligament extends from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle and the superiomedial surface of the tibia?

MCL

What is the tibial collateral ligament also known as?

medial collateral ligament (MCL)

What is the shape of the MCL?

wide, flat band that is weaker than the LCL

The MCL has fibers that are attached to the ______________________.

medial meniscus

What are the ligaments that are contained within the fibrous capsule of the knee joint?

intra-articular ligaments

What are the intra-articular ligaments also known as?

cruciate ligaments (create an X shape)

What are the intra-articular ligaments?

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

What do the ACL and PCL join?

the femur and tibia

The ACL and PCL ____________ within the articular capsule.

crisscross

What is the main function of the ACL and PCL?

provide stability to the knee joint

What intra-capsular ligament is weaker?

ACL is weaker than the PCL

Where does the ACL attach to?

arises from the anterior inter-condylar area of the tibia and attaches the the medial border of the lateral femoral condyle

When is the ACL taut?

knee extension

What does the ACL prevent?

posterior displacement of femur on the tibia

anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

Where does the PCL attach to?

arises from the posterior inter-condylar area of the tibia and attaches to the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle

When is the PCL taut?

knee flexion

What does the PCL prevent?

anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia

posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

Which of the following prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia?

a) MCL

b) LCL

c) PCL

d) ACL

d- ACL

What are the fibrocartilaginous discs located on the articular surfaces of the tibia?

menisci

What are the two main purposes of the menisci?

deepen the surface (adds joint congruity)

aid in shock absorption

Where are the menisci thickest and thinnest at?

thickest on external margins and then tapers into to thin layer towards the middle

What is the shape of the medial meniscus?

C-shaped

Is the medial meniscus broader posteriorly or anteriorly?

posteriorly

Where does the medial meniscus firmly adhere to?

the deep surface of the MCL

What is the shape of the lateral meniscus?

nearly circular

The lateral meniscus is __________________ than the media meniscus?

smaller and more freely moveable

What separates the lateral meniscus from the LCL?

popliteus tendon

Why is typical alignment of the femur and the tibia important?

creates maximum contact between the articulating surfaces

What is genu valgum?

when the knees are angled inwards due to a smaller angle between the femoral neck and femoral shaft (coxa vara)

What is genu varum?

when the knees are angled outwards due to a larger angle between the femoral neck and the femoral shaft (coxa valgum)

What is the small movement between the medial condyle and the lateral condyle called during the start of flexion and the end of extension?

screw-home mechanism

Why is the a small amount of rotation that occurs between the femur and the tibia at the start of flexion and at the end of extension?

the size differences between the medial condyle and lateral condyle

What kind of movement of the knee joint occurs during closed chain extension?

the knee "locks" due to medial rotation of the femur on the tibia

What kind of movement of the knee joint occurs during open chain extension?

the knee "locks" due to lateral rotation of the tibia on the femur

How is the knee joint "unlocked"?

the popliteus contracts

What occurs in the knee joint when the popliteus contracts?

the femur is rotated laterally so that flexion can occur

What supplies blood to the knee?

genicular anastomosis

What is an anastomosis?

union of vessels supplying blood to the same body tissue

What are the nerves that innervate the knee joint?

obturator

femoral

tibial

common fibular

What are the fluid filled sacks, which reduce the friction of tendons within the knee joint?

bursae

How many bursae are around the knee?

12 or more

What are the two kinds of bursae in the knee joint?

subcutaneous and within the synovial cavity

How many joints connect the tibia and fibula?

two joints

What are the two joints of the tibia and fibula?

proximal tibiofibular joint

distal tibiofibular joint

What is coxa vara associated with?

genu valgum

What is coxa valga associated with?

genu varum

What are the muscles of the knee?

quadriceps (4 muscles)

hamstrings (3 muscles)

pes anserine (3 muscles)

gastrocnemius

soleus

plantaris

popliteus

What three tendons of muscles make up pes anserine?

sartorius

gracilius

semitendinosus

What is the action of the muscles that make up pes anserine?

knee flexion

What is the calf muscle?

gastrocnemius

What is the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of gastrocnemius?

O: posterior parts of medial and lateral femoral condyles

I: achilles tendon

A:

primary: ankle plantar flexion

secondary: knee flexor

N: tibial nerve

What muscle is deep to gastrocnemius?

soleus

What is the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of soleus?

O: posterior surfaces of the head of the fibula and soleal line

I: posterior calcaneus

A: plantarflexion

N: tibial nerve

What is the muscle that is often used to repair severely damaged tendon in the hands?

plantaris

What is the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of plantaris?

O: distal end of lateral supracondylar line

I: posterior calcaneus

A: works with gastrocnemius to plantarflex the ankle and assists with flexion of the knee

O: tibial nerve

What is the small, triangular muscle in the knee that plays a key role in stabilizing the knee joint and allowing it to unlock?

popliteus

What is the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of popliteus?

O: anterior lateral condyle of femur

I: posterior surface of tibia near soleal line

A: internal rotation of knee joint that unlocks the extended knee

N: tibial nerve

What is the diamond shaped depression of the posterior aspect of the knee?

popliteal fossa

What is the superiolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

biceps femoris

What is the superiomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

semimembranosus

What is the inferior borders of the popliteal fossa?

medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius

What is the floor of the popliteal fossa?

popliteus muscle and posterior surface of the femur

What is contained within the popliteal fossa?

popliteal artery

popliteal vein

tibial nerve

common peroneal nerve

What are the major muscle groups involved instanding from a seated position?

Is the muscle contraction concentric, eccentric, or isometric when standing from seated position?

How does muscle contraction change when sitting from a standing position?