________: memory aids that help us organize information for encoding.
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Recognition
________: to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again.
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Absentmindedness
________: lapses in memory caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else.
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Misattribution
________: when you confuse the source of your information.
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Elaborative rehearsal
________: to think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory.
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Anterograde amnesia
________ is commonly caused by brain trauma.
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Self reference
________ effect: the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance.
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Material
________ is far better encoded when you make it meaningful.
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Psychologist
________ Daniel Schacter offers seven ways our memories fail us called the seven sins of memory and categorizes them into three groups: forgetting, distortion, and intrusion.
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Atkinson Shiffrin
In the ________ model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in sensory memory.
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Transience
________: memories can fade over time.
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Reconstruction
________: the process of bringing up old memories.
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Retrieval
________: the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness.
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Semantic coding
________: the encoding of words and their meaning.
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Persistence
________: inability to forget undesirable memories.
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Construction
________: the formulation of new memories.
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Semantic
________ encoding involves a deeper level of processing than the shallower visual or acoustic encoding.
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Communication
________ among neurons via neurotransmitters is critical for developing new memories.
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Arousal theory
________: strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories.
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Suggestibility
________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
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Storage decay
________: unused information tends to fade with the passage of time.
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Automatic processing
________: the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.
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Retrograde amnesia
________: loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma.
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Storage
________: the creation of a permanent record of information.
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Retroactive interference
________: when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.
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Sensory memory
________: storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes.
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Fergus Craik
Psychologists ________ and Endel Tulving conducted a series of experiments to find out which of the three types of encoding would give the best memory of verbal information.
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Effortful processing
________: the encoding of content, material, and information.
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Misinformation effect paradigm
________: after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event.
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loss of information
Forgetting: ________ from long- term memory.
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emotional information
Because of its role in processing ________, the amygdala is also involved in memory consolidation.
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Long term memory
________ (LTM): the continuous storage of information.
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prefrontal cortex
The ________ is involved in processing and retaining information.
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Episodic memory
________: information about events we have personally experienced.
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Proactive interference
________: when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.
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left inferior prefrontal cortex
The ________ involves semantics and the right inferior prefrontal cortex is involves in retrieval.
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Automatic processing
________ is usually done without any conscious awareness.
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Long term memory
________ is divided into two types: explicit and implicit.
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Encoding
the input of information into the memory system
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Automatic processing
the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
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Effortful processing
the encoding of content, material, and information
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Semantic coding
the encoding of words and their meaning
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Visual encoding
the encoding of images
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Acoustic encoding
the encoding of sounds, words in particular
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Self-reference effect
the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
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Storage
the creation of a permanent record of information
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Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory
In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages
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Theyre stored in three short-term systems
a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer, and a phonological loop
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Sensory memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
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Short-term memory (STM)
a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory
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Rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information to be remembered
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Memory consolidation
to move STM into long-term memory
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Long-term memory (LTM)
the continuous storage of information
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explicit and implicit
Long-term memory is divided into two types
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Explicit memories
those we consciously try to remember and recall
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Implicit memories
memories that are not part of our consciousness
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Procedural memory
a type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
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Declarative memory
the storage of facts and events we personally experienced
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It has two parts
semantic memory and episodic memory
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Semantic memory
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
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Episodic memory
information about events we have personally experienced
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Retrieval
the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
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recall, recognition, and relearning
There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long-term memory storage system
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Recall
to access information without cues
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Recognition
to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again
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Relearning
learning information that you previously learned
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Arousal theory
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
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Flashbulb memory
an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
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Amnesia
the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
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anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia
There are two common types of amnesia
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Anterograde amnesia
you cant remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury
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Retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma
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Construction
the formulation of new memories
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Reconstruction
the process of bringing up old memories
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Suggestibility
the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
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Misinformation effect paradigm
after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
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False memory syndrome
recall of false autobiographical memories
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Forgetting
loss of information from long-term memory
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Encoding failure
when memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins
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forgetting, distortion, and intrusion
Psychologist Daniel Schacter offers seven ways our memories fail us called the seven sins of memory and categorizes them into three groups
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Transience
memories can fade over time
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Storage decay
unused information tends to fade with the passage of time
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Absentmindedness
lapses in memory caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
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Blocking
inability to access stored information
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Misattribution
when you confuse the source of your information
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Suggestibility
false memories
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Bias
memories distorted by current belief system
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Persistence
inability to forget undesirable memories
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Interference
information stored in our memory, but is inaccessible
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There are two types
proactive interference and retroactive interference
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Proactive interference
when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
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Retroactive interference
when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
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Memory-enhancing strategies
helps make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory
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Rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information to be remembered
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Chunking
to organize information into manageable bits or chunks
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Elaborative rehearsal
to think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
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Mnemonic devices
memory aids that help us organize information for encoding
Studied by 3 people
