Respiratory High-Yield Clinical Sciences Flashcards

Clinical Sciences

What is the most common fungal respiratory infection in the Mississippi/Great Lakes area?

Blastomycosis.

What fungus causes San Joaquin Valley Fever?

Coccidioides immitis.

What is the classic triad of Valley Fever?

Fever, arthralgia, and erythema nodosum.

Which test identifies Coccidioidomycosis spherules?

Sputum culture.

What is the preferred treatment for moderate Coccidioidomycosis?

Fluconazole.

Which fungal disease is linked to caves and bird/bat droppings?

Histoplasmosis.

What radiographic feature is common in chronic histoplasmosis?

Cavitary disease.

What respiratory condition is defined by inflammation of bronchi with mostly viral etiology?

Acute bronchitis.

What is the most common symptom of acute bronchitis?

Cough.

What distinguishes bronchiectasis from chronic bronchitis?

Persistent, copious purulent sputum and clubbing.

What imaging modality is the gold standard for diagnosing bronchiectasis?

High-resolution CT scan.

What congenital disease is most associated with bronchiectasis?

Cystic fibrosis.

What virus most commonly causes bronchiolitis in infants?

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

What is the classic chest X-ray finding in bronchiolitis?

Air trapping and peribronchial thickening.

What is the primary treatment for bronchiolitis?

Supportive care, including oxygen.

What is a pulmonary abscess?

Necrosis of lung tissue forming cavities filled with debris.

What symptom is hallmark of anaerobic abscesses?

Foul-smelling sputum.

What are the types of atelectasis?

Obstructive, compressive, and adhesive.

What lung condition presents with absent breath sounds and tracheal deviation?

Atelectasis.

What is the hallmark blood gas finding in atelectasis?

Hypoxemia with normal/low PaCO2.

What syndrome is characterized by non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and alveolar damage?

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

What causes ARDS?

Sepsis, aspiration, trauma, or inhalation injury.

What is the first-line imaging for ARDS?

Chest X-ray showing bilateral infiltrates.

What is the most common chronic inflammatory airway disease?

Asthma.

What are common asthma triggers?

Cold air, URTIs, allergens, NSAIDs.

What blood findings are typical in asthma?

Eosinophilia and increased serum IgE.

What characterizes mild vs. severe asthma attacks by PaCO2 levels?

Mild: PCO2; Severe: normal or PCO2 due to fatigue.

What are blue bloaters?

Chronic bronchitis patients with cyanosis and peripheral edema.

What imaging features are seen in chronic bronchitis?

Increased bronchovascular markings and cardiomegaly.

What are pink puffers?

Emphysema patients with pursed-lip breathing and barrel chest.

What is the key pathologic feature of emphysema?

Destruction of alveolar walls and airspace enlargement.

What respiratory condition involves pus in the pleural space?

Empyema.

What is the mainstay of empyema treatment?

Prompt drainage and long-term antibiotics.

What is the difference between transudative and exudative pleural effusion?

Transudative: low protein; Exudative: high protein and cells.

What is the diagnostic test for pleural effusion?

Thoracentesis.

What is a common occupational disease linked to insulation and shipyards?

Asbestosis.

What lung disease shows 'egg shell' calcification on X-ray?

Silicosis.

What chronic interstitial lung disease is associated with progressive fibrosis?

Pulmonary fibrosis.

What are the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis?

Exertional dyspnea and dry cough.

What is the hallmark sputum in typical pneumonia?

Purulent, rust-colored sputum.

What organism most commonly causes lobar pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

What type of pneumonia shows patchy consolidation?

Bronchopneumonia.

What is the hallmark of tension pneumothorax?

Tracheal deviation and absent breath sounds.

What is the emergency treatment for tension pneumothorax?

100% oxygen and chest decompression.

What causes pulmonary edema?

Left-sided heart failure and increased hydrostatic pressure.

What condition presents with pink frothy sputum?

Severe pulmonary edema.

What is the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary embolism?

Pulmonary angiogram.

What is Virchow's triad?

Hypercoagulability, stasis, endothelial injury.

What condition shows a wedge-shaped infarct on CT?

Pulmonary infarction.

What defines pulmonary hypertension?

Mean PA pressure >25 mmHg at rest.

What non-caseating granulomatous disease affects 90% of lungs?

Sarcoidosis.