chapter 2 : early empires

5 traits of civilization

cities, specialized jobs, complex institutions, writing, advanced technology

gifts of the nile

protection from predators, irrigation from agriculture,

, fertile soil

Kemet

term used by ancient Egyptians to describe their land (meaning black land)

what was the capital of the old kingdom?

Memphis

time of building great sphinx and the largest pyramids

2680 BCE - 2180 BCE

who united upper and lower egypt?

Menes

when was upper and lower egypt united?

3000 BC

who was the first serious threat for egypt?

hyskos

where was the hyskos from

western asia

what weapons of war did the hyskos introduce to the egyptians?

BRONZE weapons , bows and arrows, and horse-drawn chariots

how long did the new kingdom last?

1530 - 1070 BCE

who was the first to take one the title of pharaoh?

Ahmose I

when did the hyskos get driven out of egypt?

1600 BC

who drove the hyskos out of egypt?

Ahmose II

when did hatsheput start her rule?

1480 BCE

who was hatsheput ruling on behalf for?

Thutmose III, Thutmose III

what did Thutmose do?

conquered an empire for Egypt and brought many territories under his rule

when did Amenhotep/Akhenaton start his rule?

1370 BCE

what did Amenhotep/Akhenaton do during his rule?

Decided that Egypt would worship only one supreme deity (Aton) and moved the capital city again

what did ramses II do during his rule?

constructed many grand temples that overshadowed those of previous rulers, made peace with the Hittites

how long did ramses II rule?

67 years

mesopotamia

fertile crescent

crescent shaped strip of land between the Mediterranean sea and Persian gulf

city-state

the city itself and land surrounding it

ziggurat

a temple of a brick and tile built in ach city-state as a shrine to the gods

what 2 major roles did sumerian kings have?

military leaders and chief priest

how were most crimes punished in sumer?

fines

cuneiform

began with pictograms and consisted of wedge - shaped markings on clay tablets

what was the first alphabet based writing system?

cuneiform

what is gilgamesh?

Sumerian epic poem that may be the world's oldest story

polythestic

believing in many gods

when did the akkadians conquer sumer?

around 2330 BCE

who was the most powerful akkadian king?

Sargon

who created the first akkadian empire and how long did it last?

sargon and 150 years

who was the most powerful ruler of babylon?

Hammurabi

Hammurabi code

the world's oldest known code of law

what principles of justice did the code of Hammurabi established?

principle of retailition - different punishments for the rich and the poor, men and women, upper and lower

- government had responsibility to control to the society

when did hititties conquer tigris-euphrates river valley?

1600 BCE

who were the first to use iron weapons?

Hittites

how were crimes punished in the Hittite empire?

most crimes were punished with fines but major crimes are punished by the death penalty

what was the capital of the hitittes empire?

hattusas

where is phoenicia located?

on the coast of the Mediterranean sea

how did the phoenicians become wealth?

cedar wood, glass, purple dye

what did phoenicians achieve?

sailed throughout the s Mediterranean's and as far north of great Britain and as far southwest as the western coast of Africa - because they relied upon the sea , the Phoenician built some of the finest sailing ship - reputation as the greatest shipbuilders and sea traders in the ancient world

how didn't phoenicians win their gods favor?

practiced human sacrifice

phoenician alphabet

contains 22 constants and 0 vowels

greatest contribution of the lydians?

creation of coins

what did people use before the creation of coins?

barter economy

who did the assyrians conquer?

fertile crescent, Egypt , Syria , Palestine, Nile valley

what was the capital of the assyrian empire?

Nineveh

who was the greatest assyrian ruler?

Assurbanipal

who was the first to make a large effective empire?

assyrians

who conquered the assyrians?

Chaldeans

when did the chaldeans conquer the assyrians?

612 BCE

who was the greatest ruler of chaldeans?

Nebuchadnezzar

what are chaldean accomplishment?

recorded movement of stars and planets, predicted lunar and solar eclipse, calculated length of a year

who defeated the persian empire?

alexander the great / sparta and athens

what was the persian religion?

Zoroastrianism

who is the creator of Zoroastrianism?

Zoroaster

who were the gods of Zoroastrianism?

Ahura Mazda (good god) Ahriman (bad god)

why did the persians do differently then other empires?

treated conquered people with tolerance - allowed people to keep rule, religion, languages etc. - built thousands of miles of roads - Standardized weight, measures, coins - Created an efficient imperial bureaucracy

Xerxes

persian emperor who failed in attempt to conquer Greek city-states

Darius

created an efficient bureaucracy, divided empire into 21 provinces

bureaucracy

government with different levels of authority

satraps

governors of provinces in the Persian Empire

Cambyses

conquered Egypt and expanded the Persian empire

what did cyprus the great do during his rule?

conquered Asia minor and much of the fertile crescent,

allowed religious freedom to jews

who conquered the chaldeans ?

Persians

when did the persians gain control of Babylon ?

539 BCE

what was the capital of the persian empire?

Persepolis

what did the hebrews do?

introduced the concept of monotheism to the world

monothesim

belief in one all-powerful

God who wants people to do good and be good

what did yahweh do?

determined right and wrong, told people to accept

moral responsibility, and to deal fairly with one another

abraham

father of the Israelites (Hebrews)

what did the israelites believe?

Israelites believe that Abraham made a covenant with God - Israelites called their God Yahweh- God would give Abraham a great landin return for

a following

why did the israelites migrate to egypt ?

famine5 traits of civilization

gifts of the nile

protection from predators, irrigation from agriculture,

, fertile soil

Kemet

term used by ancient Egyptians to describe their land (meaning black land)

what was the capital of the old kingdom?

Memphis

time of building great sphinx and the largest pyramids

2680 BCE - 2180 BCE

who united upper and lower egypt?

Menes

when was upper and lower egypt united?

3000 BC

who was the first serious threat for egypt?

hyskos

where was the hyskos from

western asia

what weapons of war did the hyskos introduce to the egyptians?

BRONZE weapons , bows and arrows, and horse-drawn chariots

how long did the new kingdom last?

1530 - 1070 BCE

who was the first to take one the title of pharaoh?

Ahmose I

when did the hyskos get driven out of egypt?

1600 BC

who drove the hyskos out of egypt?

Ahmose II

when did hatsheput start her rule?

1480 BCE

who was hatsheput ruling on behalf for?

Thutmose III, Thutmose III

what did Thutmose do?

conquered an empire for Egypt and brought many territories under his rule

when did Amenhotep/Akhenaton start his rule?

1370 BCE