CH 26 Study Guide

List the organs of the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

function of kidneys

produce urine

function of ureters

transport urine towards the urinary bladder

function of urinary bladder

temporarily stores urine prior to elimination

function of urethra

conducts urine to exterior; in males also transports semen

Urination is the elimination of urine from the body. What is the medical term for urination?

micturition

Define excretion

is the removal of metabolic wastes from body fluids

Define elimination

is the discharge of wastes from body

Where are the kidneys positioned in the body?

on either side of the vertebral column between T12 & L3. left kidney is slightly superior to right kidney

What endocrine gland sits on top of each kidney?

adrenal gland

What condition can occur is the kidney’s suspensory fibers break or become detached?

floating kidney

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A prominent medial indentation in the kidney

What two structures enter the hilum?

the renal artery and renal nerves

what two structures exit the hilum?

renal vein and the ureter.

What are the outer regions of the kidney called?

cortex

What are the inner regions of the kidney called?

medulla

Which region contains renal pyramids?

medulla

What are the functional units of the kidneys called?

granular

What is another name for the glomerular capsule?

bowman’s capsule

Which arterioles carry blood to the glomerulus?

afferent arterioles

Which arterioles carry blood away from the glomerulus?

efferent arteriole

What is glomerulonephritis?

Inflammation of the glomeruli that impairs filtration by the kidneys is called

Glomerulonephritis is often an immune complex disorder, but it may develop after an infection involving which genus of bacteria?

streptococcus

What are three structures that comprise the filtration membrane?

fenestrated endothelium, glomerular basement membrane (GBM), Podocytes

In which part of the nephron does filtration take place?

podocytes, intraglomerular mesangial cells, filtration membrane

What is filtrate? Does it contain proteins?

In healthy, filtration produces an essentially protein-free solution

What occurs during reabsorption?

When a substance is __________, it is "reclaimed," eventually reentering the blood.

What occurs during secretion?

When a substance is ________, it enters the tubular fluid from the blood.

What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

reabsorption of critical ions

What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

reabsorb water and selected ions as well as active secretion of undesirable substances

The juxtaglomerular complex contains a structure called the macula densa. What do the cells of the macula densa function as?

chemoreceptors & baroreceptors

Juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex are modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole. These cells function as baroreceptors. What do they monitor?

monitor blood pressure in the afferent arteriole

Juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex secrete which hormone?

renin

What is the function of intercalated cells of the collecting duct?

regulate the acid-base balance in the blood

Identify the two types of nephrons in the kidney.

cortical nephrons and juxtaglomerular nephrons.

Which cortical nephrons or juxtaglomerular nephrons constitutes ~85% of all nephrons?

cortical nephrons

What is the primary function of the ascending limb of the nephron loop?

is to actively reabsorb vital electrolytes

What is the primary function of the descending limb of the nephron loop?

further reabsorption of water

List three important wastes produced during metabolism.

urea, creatinine, uric acid

List the three distinct processes that form urine in the kidney.

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

What two transport mechanisms are used during the reabsorption of substances in the renal tubule?

simple diffusion or carrier proteins

What process is used for reabsorption of water?

osmosis

Which four nutrients are not detected or are detected in very small amounts (<0.2 mg/dL) in urine from a healthy adult?

glucose, lipids, amino acids, proteins

What is the physical reason why glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is greater than hydrostatic pressure in typical systemic capillaries?

resistance is low due to small luminal diameter in efferent arteriole

What would happen if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and the hydrostatic pressure in typical systemic capillaries were equal?

not be able to push water and solutes out of the bloodstream and into filtrate

What causes capsular hydrostatic pressure?

results from the resistance to flow along the nephron and the conducting system. (ie: the force that opposes GHP).

How is net hydrostatic pressure (NHP) calculated?

is the difference between the glomerular hydrostatic pressure and the capsular hydrostatic pressure.

What organic molecule is responsible for blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)?

proteins

How is net filtration pressure (NFP) calculated?

is the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure.

Define glomerular filtration rate

is the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute.

Autonomic regulation of filtration is primarily maintained by which division of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic nervous system

What process is regulated by hormones of RAAS and natriuretic peptides?

GFR

Define renal threshold

the plasma concentration at which a specific substance or ion begins to appear in the urine

Define glycosuria

having excess sugar (usually glucose) in your urine

Which part of the renal tubule normally reabsorbs 60–70 percent of the volume of the filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water?

ascending limb

Which part of the nephron is responsible for the active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins into the tubule?

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

The collecting system is important in controlling the pH of body fluids through the secretion or reabsorption of which two ions?

hydrogen and bicarbonate

What occurs during countercurrent multiplication. Which two segments of the nephron are involved in this process?

The exchange of substances between the descending thin limb and the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop

Which two microscopic kidney structures do ADH act on?

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

What would occur in the urine if ADH was not produced?

water is not reabsorbed in the DCT and collecting system, so all the fluid reaching the DCT is lost in the urine. This results in the production of large amounts of very dilute urine.

What is diabetes insipidus?

a rare disorder that causes your body to make excessive amounts of highly diluted urine, leading to extreme thirst

Define urinalysis.

The chemical and physical analysis of a urine sample

What test is used as an index to assess overall kidney function?

creatinine clearance

What test measures the amount of urea in the blood?

blood urea nitrogen

What is a pyelogram?

an image of the urinary system

Urine produced by the kidney is directly emptied in what organ of the urinary system?

ureters

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

is a hollow, muscular organ that serves as temporary storage for urine.

What is the function of rugae in the urinary bladder?

to allow the organ to expand and accommodate increasing volumes of urine without a dangerous spike in internal pressure

Which organ in the urinary system transports urine out of the body?

urethra

What is the common name for renal calculi?

kidney stones

What is nephrolithiasis?

The formation of renal calculi

The urinary system is one of several body systems involved in waste excretion

True