Micro Chapters 1-6

Two word naming system. The first word is the name indicates the genus, with the first letter always capitalized; the second indicates the specific epithet, or species name, and is not capitalized. Both words are usually italicized or underlined.

Nomenclature

5 kingdoms developed by Whittaker.

1. Monera

2. Protista

3. Fungi

4. Plants

5. Animals

These cells have no nucleus, and are also missing Many of the organelles, or plants, commonly found in cells.

Monera

Consists of unicellular lifeforms who have a nucleus. Many protists appear to be both plant and animal. Like plants, they are green, and can create their own food. However, like animals, they have moving body parts and are able to move around their environments.

Protista

Diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Some are single celled, whereas others are multicellular, and many different size and shapes are represented. They call contain chloroplasts.

Algae

Diverse group of eukaryotes. Some are single-celled yeasts, but many are large multicellular organisms such as molds and mushrooms.

Fungi

Are the foundation for all life on earth. May be invisible to the naked eye.

Microorganisms

Most microbes are beneficial or not harmful, some are pathogen, meaning they can cause disease.

Pathogens

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of parasites as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host.

Virulence

Used in treatment of disease.

Antibiotics

A method designed to prevent contamination from microorganisms. It involves applying the strictest rules and utilizing what is know about infection prevention to minimize the risks that you'll experience an infection.

Aseptic Techniques

Some people believed that worms and other forms of life arise from non-living material

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Some diseases are caused by microorganisms. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease.

Germ Theory of Disease

The guy who founded cells with a microscope.

Robert Hooke

Hand fashioned the simple single lens microscope, 300x magnification.

Leeuwenhoek

Founder of heat resistant spores

Tyndall

Father of modern microbiology.

Pasteur

Introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in the medical setting

Lister

Laid down the basic rules for taxonomic categories.

Carl von Linne

Identified the cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera

Koch

Consist of nucleic acid packaged within a protein coat, and come in a variety of shapes. To multiply, viruses use the machinery and nutrients to living cells, referred to as host.

Viruses

Multicellular parasites kill millions of people around the world, especially in developing nations. Including roundworms and tapeworms.

Helminthes

Give two reasons why it took so long to disprove spontaneous generation.

1. Heat resistant spores were present in some broths.

2. Some stoppers (corks) used to seal flasks were not effective.

What experiment disproved the nation that a "vital force" in the air was responsible for spontaneous generation?

Pasteur's experiment showing that sterile medium in swan necked flasks open the air would remain sterile indefinitely if they were not tipped.

What conclusions could Tyndall reach on the properties of the agent that entered the broth from hay?

They were not killed by heating and they were not visible to the naked eye.

An essential part of nucleic acids and proteins

Nitrogen

Describe two microbial activities essential to life and three that make our lives more comfortable.

Essential Activities

1. Conversion of nitrogen of the air into the form that Is useable by plants and animals.

2. Replenishment of 02 in the atmosphere by photosynthetic microorganisms.

Non-Essential Activities

1. Synthesis of many products used in everyday life (amino acids, vitamins, ect.)

2. Involvement in food and beverage production

3. Degradation of environmental pollutants.

Describe three reasons why some diseases re-emerge.

1. Reduction of vaccination against certain diseases.

2. Diseases under control by antimicrobial medications become resistant to the medications

3. The aging population is more susceptible to infectious diseases.

Why would it seems logical, even inevitable, that at least some bacteria would attack the human body and cause disease?

The human body is an ecological location that provides many of the requirements that bacteria require to grow. Organisms that have the ability to invade our cells or damage our tissues have access to additional nutrients.

Name one feature that distinguishes members of the bacteria from the archaea.

Bacteria contain the unusual compound peptidoglycan in their cell wall whereas the archea do not.

List two features that distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes.

1. Prokaryotes have no true nucleus.

2. Prokaryotes rarely, if ever, have a membrane bounded internal structures.

The binomial system of classification uses both a genus and a species name. Why are two names used?

The genus name identifies a group of organisms that share features in common. The species name separates organisms in the genus into individuals that differ in their individual properties from all other organisms in the genus. To identify a specific organism requires both names.

Describe the chemical composition of viruses, viroids, and prions.

Viruses consist of a protein coat surrounding either DNA or RNA

Viroids consists only of RNA

Prions consists of only protein.

Which of the non-living members of the microbial world seems to be at least threat to human health?

Viroids have not been shown to cause any human disease and prions are responsible rarely for diseases in humans.

Place in order with respect to typical size (arrange from smallest to largest) bacteria, eukaryotic cells, and viruses.

Viruses, bacteria, eukaryotic cells

What factor limits the size of free-living cells?

Free living organisms must have the necessary equipment to sustain life, including all of the required macromolecules. They must be large enough to contain these macromolecules.

The property of endospores that led to confusion in the experiments on spontaneous generation is their

Heat resistance

The "Golden Age of Microbiology" was the time when

Microorganisms were first used to make cheese.

Microorganisms play a role in

1. Disease

2. Biodegradation

3. Cheese production

4. Nitrogen recycling

What disease was once thought to be due to stress but is now known to be caused by a bacterium?

Peptic Ulcers

The prokaryotic members of the microbial world include

Bacteria and archaea

Are microscopic and are commonly found in extreme environments

Archaea

Prokaryotes typically do not have

a nuclear membrane

Nucleoids are associated with

genetic information and prokaryotes.

Contain both protein and nucleic acid and infect all domains of life

Viruses

Anthony von Leeuwenhoak could not have observed

viruses.

A method designed to prevent contamination from microorganisms. It involves applying the strictest rules and utilizing what is know about infection prevention to minimize the risks that you'll experience an infection.

aseptic technique

Basic unit of all matter

Atoms

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Molecules

Two or more elements

compounds

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between positivity and negativity charged ions

Ionic bond

A strong chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

covalent bond

All atoms are bounded in the same order but arranged differently in space

stereoisomers

The attraction between a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and an electro negative atom in the same or another polar molecule

Hydrogen Bond

A compound by the release of energy

exergonic

Accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants.

Endergonic

The production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials

synthesis

The state of something decaying

decomposition

The minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must posse in order to undergo a specified reaction.

activation energy

able to dissolve other substance

solvent

dissolve in the solvent

solute

Acid

pH 7-0

Base

pH 7-10

Salt

Na

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration or acidity of a solution on a scale of 0-14

pH

Stabilize the pH of solutions

buffer

Critical atom. This element has 4 electrons in its outer shell and needs 4 more to fill it.

Carbon

List 4 types of organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleiacides

Contains the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms

Saturated

Not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons

Unsaturated

Process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose their structures and are back in their native state.

Denaturation

water loving

hydrophilic

water fearing

hydrophobic

Uses visible light + 2 sets of lenses (ocular + objective), Magnification: ocular x objective

compound microscope

magnification

enlargement

Distinguishing fine detail + structure

resolution

The speed at which light passes through a material

refractive index

Oil has the same refractive index as the glass slide, thus more light waves are channeled into the object without slowing travel speed. Only used at 100x

oil immersion

Use of an opaque disk which blocks light so no rays from around the slide are seen. For use on living cells

dark field microscopy

uses diffraction plate inside the objective to diffuse the light rays + increase the ability to see the rays which the object naturally bends

phase contrast microscope

uses uv light + fluorescent dyes to accent the observed specimen

fluorescent microscopy

i. Uses a beam of electrons instead of light

ii. Uses electromagnets instead of lenses

2 types:

1. Transmission Electron microscope: electrons pass through specimen, revealing internal structure

2. Scanning electron microscope: electrons bounce off of specimen, creating a 3D image

electron microscopes

Colored with dye

staining

Attaching organisms to a slide (heat)

fixing

Thin film (used in observation)

smear

basic dyes

Use positively charged atoms to produce a color (used on - microbes)

1. Crystal violet

2. Methylene blue

3. Safranin

acid dyes

Use negatively charged atoms to produce a color (+ microbes)

1. Eosin

2. Nigrosine

Stains the background

negative staining

Single basic dye applied to the microbe

simple stain

Intensifies a stain by helping it bind to a specimen better

mordant

Used on all bacteria

Purple is gram positive

Pink is negative

Gram Stain

Acid Fast Stain

i. Mycolic acid

1. Found in bacteria cell wall

ii. Add carbol fuchsin,

iii. Rinse

iv. Add acid alcohol

v. Rinse

vi. Add methylene blue

vii. Rinse

viii. Acid fast = pink

ix. Non acid fast = purple

Spore stain

i. Steamed malachite green

ii. Rinse

iii. Steam with safranin

iv. Rinse

v. Spores turn blue/green

vi. Bacteria turn red

Morphology and the main shapes of bacteria

i. Shape

1. Coccus: round

2. Bacillus: rod shaped

3. Spirillum: spiral shaped

4. Diplo: occur in pairs (diplococcus)

5. Strepto: chains

6. Staphylo: Clusters

7. Sarcina: packs of 4 or 8

True nucleus with membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

i. Nucleoid (loose DNA)

ii. Plasmids

iii. All have cell wall

Parts of a typical eukaryotic cell

a. Cell membrane

b. Cytoplasm

c. Nucleus

Nucleus functions

i. Chromosomes

ii. Blueprints for transcription/translation

Describe the nucleolus

i. Made of rRNA

ii. Makes ribosomes

Describe the Golgi apparatus (body)

i. Packages (vacuoles), modifies, and directs proteins