UBC EOSC 114 FINAL EXAM

kilo

10^3

mega

10^6

giga

10^9

tera

10^12

c

10^-2

milli

10^-3

micro

10^-6

nano

10^-9

SI unit for time

second

a

annum (1 year)

age of the Earth

4.57 Ga

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for EARTHQUAKES

years; minutes

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for VOLCANOES

decades; days

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for HURRICANE

months; days

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for THUNDERSTORMS

hours; minutes

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for ROGUE WAVES

hours; seconds

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for LANDSLIDES

days; seconds

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for METEOR IMPACT

millennia; seconds

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for TSUNAMI

minutes; hours

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for FLOODS

hours; days

SI standard unit of distance

metre

SI unit standard of mass

kilogram

density

mass per unit volume (how much mass fits into a space); p or d

How is stratification linked to density?

stratification is the layering of materials. Less dense materials float on top of denser materials.

layers of the atmosphere from top to surface of Earth

exosphere

thermosphere

mesophere

stratosphere

troposphere

layer of atmosphere with storms

troposphere

how can the ocean layers be divided?

by availability of light

by ecological parameters

layers of the Earth (from top down, based on chemical and physical characteristics)

lithosphere (solid, crust)

asthenosphere (plastic rock)

mesosphere (solid rock)

outer core (liquid metal)

inner core (solid metal)

layers of the Earth (from top down, based on density)

crust

mantle

core

order of magnitude

power of ten

exponential curve

starts rising very slowly at first but increases faster and faster

logarithmic scale

the ordinate (vertical axis) steps by powers of ten (orders of magnitude)

disaster scale(s) for EARTHQUAKES

Richter

Modified Mercalli

Moment Magnitude

disaster scale(s) for VOLCANOES

Volcano Explosivity Index

disaster scale(s) for WIND AND WAVES

Beaufort Scale

disaster scale(s) for HURRICANES

Saffir-Simpson Scale

disaster scale(s) for THUNDERSTORMS

dBZ

disaster scale(s) for TORNADOES

Fujita Scale

Torro Scale

disaster scale(s) for IMPACTS

Torino Scale

more intense disasters occur _______________

less frequently

return period (RP)

the average number of years between disaster events of the same magnitude

RPm = time span of data record / number of cases of magnitude M

elements

building blocks of our world

element

consists of identical atoms

atom

the smallest piece of an element, made of protons (+), neutrons (neutral) and electrons (-)

nucleus

the center of an atom that holds the protons and the neutrons

atomic number

number of protons

atomic mass number

sum of protons + neutrons

isotopes

different versions of an element that have the same number of protons but diff numbers of neutrons

hydrogen

H, smallest atom, Aco water

helium

He, non-reactive (noble gas) made by fusion in sun

carbon

C, aco most life forms on Earth, aco coal, graphite, diamonds

Nitrogen

N, Gco air, aco nitric-acid rain

Oxygen

O, Gco Earth's crust, 2nd Gco atmosphere, aco water, very reactive

sodium

Na, very reactive metal, aco salt in the ocean

magnesium

Mg, light metal, reactive, Aco the mineral dolomite, aco salt in oceans

Aluminum

Al, a light metal used in cans, foil, aircraft, reactive, 3rd Gco Earth's crust

silicon

Si, a shiny silver-coloured semiconductor, 2nd Gco Earth's crust

Phosphorus

P, aco phosphate fertilizers

Sulphur

S, yellow, burnt match smell, Aco sulfuric acid rain, aco salt in oceans

chlorine

Cl, very reactive (bleaches), aco salt in oceans

Argon

Ar, third most common gas in Earth's atmosphere

Potassium

K, very reactive metal, Aco salt in oceans

Calcium

Ca, aco limestone, bones, sea shells, salt in ocean

Titanium

Ti, a strong light metal

Manganese

Mn, a metal like iron

Iron

Fe, a strong metal, Gco Earth's core, Aco meteorites, can become magnetic, 4th Gco Earth's crust

Iridium

Ir, rate element found in meteorites

top three most abundant elements in EARTH'S CORE

Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), unknown

top three most abundant elements in EARTH'S CRUST

Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si), Aluminium (Al)

top three most abundant elements in OCEAN

Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Chlorine (Cl)

top three most abundant elements in ATMOSPHERE

Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Argon (Ar)

molecules vs. ions

ions are molecules that have a non-zero charge

minerals

naturally occurring solid elements or molecules having a characteristic crystal structure and chemical composition

crystal have atoms in molecules linked up in a _______ ________

regular lattice

crystals often have directions of weakness along them called _______ ______. these occur along the _________ bonds in the lattice.

cleavage planes; weakest

three crystal shapes

Cubic (halite, galena, pyrite)

Octahedral (diamond, fluorite)

Hexagonal column with pyramid (quartz, ice)

solids

not very fluid

not very compressible

liquids

very fluid

not very compressible

gases

very fluid

very compressible

solid --> liquid

melt

liquid --> gas

evaporate

solid --> gas

sublimate

liquid --> solid

freeze

gas --> liquid

condense

gas --> solid

deposit

compressibility

the ability of a material to be squeezed or expanded so that the mass fills less or more space; results in a change in density of the object because the vol. changes

fluidity

ability of a material to flow

viscosity

measure of how much fluids resist flowing or changing their shape; greater the ______, the more it resists change

strain

change in shape or size of a solid object

types of strain

elastic (ability of an object to change shape when forced but to spring back to its original shape when the force is released)

plastic (permanent change)

ductile

very plastic (bends and deforms easily)

brittle

not plastic, fractures instead of bending

SI unit of force

Newton

five forms of energy

work, PE, KE, sensible heat, latent heat

work

form of energy that depends on teh force that pushes or pulls an object over the distance of the object moves, SI unt is the Joule

potential energy

the work needed to raise an object of mass m a distance of z against the pull of gravity g

kinetic energy

the energy a moving object possesses

sensible heat

the heat we feel

specific heat

a measure of the capacity of a substance to store heat

latent heat

heat that is stored when matter changes phase from solid to liquid or from liquid to vapour. For changes in the opposite direction (liquid to solid or vapour to liquid), it is released.