C. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS

An individual's unique and stable pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Personality

A personality theory developed by Sigmund Freud that focuses on unconscious processes, instincts, and conflicts.

Psychoanalytic Theory

The key person who developed psychoanalytic theory and founded psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud

A theory founded to treat mental illnesses (psychopathology) and explain behavior through unconscious processes.

Psychoanalysis

The life instinct associated with libido and sex.

Eros

The death instinct associated with aggression.

Thanatos

Stages in which individuals confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Psychosexual stages

The way a person resolves conflicts between biological drives and social expectations, shaping their ability to learn, socialize, and adapt.

Personality development

Freud's structural model of personality consisting of the id, ego, and superego.

Psychic apparatus

The part of personality containing instinctual desires that seek immediate gratification.

Id

Anxiety associated with the id's unchecked instinctual desires.

Neurotic anxiety

The rational mediator between the id and superego that deals with reality and external threats.

Ego

Anxiety experienced by the ego when facing actual external threats.

Realistic anxiety

The moral conscience that imposes societal standards and ideals.

Superego

Anxiety that occurs when the superego's moral ideals are violated.

Moral anxiety

Which part of the mind experiences anxiety?

The ego, because it is in contact with reality.

Ways of protecting oneself from anxiety.

Defense mechanisms

The withdrawal of an unwanted idea, affect, or desire from consciousness by pushing it into the unconscious mind.

Repression

What is the example: Forgetting a traumatic childhood event.

Repression

Fixation in consciousness of an idea, affect, or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse.

Reaction formation

What is the example: Acting overly kind to someone you secretly dislike.

Reaction formation

The redirection of an impulse, usually aggression, from a riskier target onto a safer substitute.

Displacement

What is the example: Yelling at a friend after having a bad day at work.

Displacement

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses to others.

Projection

What is the example: Accusing someone else of being angry when you are the one feeling angry.

Projection

The unconscious internalization of another person's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors as one's own.

Identification

What is the example: A fan adopts their idol's opinions and style, believing them to be their own.

Identification

Returning to earlier stages of development and abandoned forms of gratification.

Regression

What is the example: An adult throwing a tantrum when things do not go their way.

Regression

Channeling unwanted or unacceptable urges into a productive or socially acceptable outlet.

Sublimation

What is the example: Channeling anger into vigorous exercise or art.

Sublimation

Consciously refusing to perceive or acknowledge painful facts that exist.

Denial

What is the example: Refusing to acknowledge a medical diagnosis.

Denial

Cognitively distorting or explaining facts to make an event or impulse less threatening.

Rationalization

What is the example: Justifying cheating on a test by saying, "Everyone else does it."

Rationalization

Not necessarily pride; it may refer to the use of defense mechanisms to protect oneself from anxiety.

High ego