Lab Biology Chapter 6 - ATP and Cellular Respiration

Autotrophs

Make their own food.

Chemoautotroph

Use hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy - process called chemosynthesis.

Chemo

Chemicals - Where plants will use the chemicals. Plants at the bottom of the ocean or rainforests. They don't have access to the sun. Given off by other plants.

Photoautotroph

Convert energy from the sun - process is called photosynthesis.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions in a cell.

Metabolic pathway

A serious of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction. What is made in one reaction.

2 Types of Metabolic Pathways

Catabolic and Anabolic.

Catabolic

Release energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules. Larger - Smaller.

Example: Cellular Respiration + digestion - food to energy.

Anabolic

Used the energy released by catabolic pathways to build larger molecules from smaller molecules.

Small - Large

Example: Bone and Muscle growth and photosythesis.

Anabolic Steroids

Synthetic/fake. Anabolic Steroids comes from the Anabolic reaction.

ATP (The Unit of Cellular Energy)

Adenosine Triphosphate - the most important biological molecule that provides a chemical energy.

Adenine

Combination of Adenine.

Triphosphate

Three Phosphate.

ATP Structure

Nucleotide made of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups. ATP is found in all types of organisms and is the most abundant energy-carrier molecule in cells.

ATP Function

a. ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken.

b. When this bond breaks, a new molecule is formed - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.

c. ATP and ADP can be interchanged by adding or taking away a phosphate group.

Cellular Respiration

a. Uses energy from the carbon compound, such as glucose, to make ATP. We need glucose + oxygen to produce ATP.

b. ATP provides cells with energy.

Chemical Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

(Glucose) (Oxygen) (Carbon) (Water)

The number 6 helps maintain the chemical balance.

Reactants are on the left of the equation and the products are on the right of the equation.

Glycolysis and Anaerobic

Cellular Respiration occurs in two parts.

Glycolysis

An Anaerobic Process.

Anaerobic

Does not require energy.

Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

are Aerobic Processes.

Aerobic

Requires energy.

Glycolysis - Step 1 of Cell Respiration

a. Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis.

b. Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down.

c. The end result produces two ATP, two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) and 2 NADH.

Glycolysis

"Splitting Of Sugar"

Glyco - Sugar

Lysis - Breaking

Pyruvate Molecules

Is a versatile biological molecule that consists of three carbon atoms and two functional groups - a carboxylate and a ketone group.

Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle - Step 2

a. The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide.

b. Enzymes break down and rearrange the carbon molecules and produce NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers.

c. Krebs Cycle goes around 2 times for each pyruvate molecule. Occurs in the matrix of the Mitochondria.

Electron Carriers

Carrying Hydrogen.

Electron Transport - Step 3

a. in aerobic respiration, electron transport is the final step in the breakdown of glucose.

b. Uses NADH and FADH2 to release energy in steps (slow and steady) so it is not released at the same time.

c. Occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane.

Glycolysis

Input: Glucose

Output: Pyruvate NADH

ATP: 2

Krebs Cycle

Input: Pyruvate

Output: NADH, FADH2, CO2

ATP: 2

ETC

Input: Electrons, O2

Output: H2O

ATP: 32

Overall

Input: C6H12O6 + 6O2

Output: 6CO2 + 6H2O

ATP: +36

Anaerobic Respiration

a. Organisms that can grown and reproduce without oxygen.

b. Cells continue to produce ATP through Glycolysis.

c. However, there is a limitation with only using glycolysis.

Fermentation

a. The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis is fermentation.

b. Fermentation is the process that can make ATP without oxygen.

2 Types of Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Enzymes convert pyruvate made during glycolysis to lactic acid.

Alcohol Fermentation

Occurs in yeast and some bacteria.

Lactic Acid Fermentation Example

Your muscles produce lactic acid when there is not enough oxygen, such as during strenuous exercising.

- Muscles start to feel fatigue and sore.

- Some fungi and bacteria produce lactic acid.

- Transforms milk and cheese and yogurt.

Alcohol Fermentation Example

- Yeast is forced to ferment sugar.

- Produces alcohol and CO2, not lactic acid.

- CO2 makes bread rise.

- Ferment - to break down.

ATP Decomposition

When a cell requires energy, it breaks off the last (3rd) phosphate group from the ATP molecule, which releases energy. The molecule that s left over is called adenosine diphosphate which consists of adenine, ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups. ADP contains less energy than ATP.

ATP Synthesis

ATP molecules are constantly being rebuilt from ADP and lone phosphate groups. This ensures that cells always have a source of energy. However, it takes energy to make ATP. This energy to make ATP comes from a carbohydrate called Glucose.

Glucose

Is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar. It chemical formula is C6H12)6. Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis.

What is energy?

ATP is used for cell functions.

True

Organisms need a constant supply of energy to survive.

What is the structural difference between ATP and ADP?

ATP has all three phosphate groups connected and ADP has 2 phosphate groups.

Which structure, ATP or ADP, contains more stored energy? Where is the energy stored?

ATP. Stored in the phosphate bond.

Which type of macromolecule (protein, carb, nucleic acid, or lipid) is ATP and ADP?

Nucleic Acid - CHONP

Why do you think all of the organelles (Riosomes, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Bodies) have ATP in them?

It is because every organelle has ATP every each individual need ATP in order to function.

Where do you think we get glucose from? What are some sources of a lot of glucose? What are some sources with barely any glucose?

Food. Sugary food that is high in carbohydrates. With barely any glucose is dairy. Glucose + oxygen makes ATP.

Control

Is a group used for comparison.

Functions of the Mitochondrion Structures: Inner Membrane

Forms internal compartments so more chemical reactions can take place. It has numerous folds.

Outer Membrane

Protects the outside of the organelle.

Cristae

Fold of the inner membrane. It increase the surface area so more reactions can occur in a small place.

Matrix

The space that fills the inside of the inner membrane.

Which process produces ethanol (the alcohol found in beer)?

Fermentation (ANaerobic)

Which molecule is needed for aerobic respiration but not for fermentation?

O2 - Oxygen

In addition to ATP, what other molecules are produced by aerobic respiration of glucose?

Carbon Dioxide and Water.

Why do yeast cells need ATP?

Make CO2, and breakdown of sugar.

Why do our cells need ATP?

Our cells need to function by making proteins, transport proteins, make lipids, expelling energy, energy for our cells to go through mitosis.

How is the energy from ATP released?

The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group is broken by water.

What is a difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic requires oxygen and Anaerobic does not.

What is the chemical equation for Cell Respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

During as study, you find the products of pyruvate, NADH, and ATP. Which specific process did you observe?

Glycolysis

What are the 4 Products of the Krebs Cycle?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2), ATP, NADH, FADH2.

When do your muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation?

When there is not enough oxygen (O2) present.

What does the Electron Transport chain (ETC) produce as a waste product?

Water (H2O)

Anaerobic Respiration produce a maximum of _______ ATP per glucose.

2 ATP

Fermentation

The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is __________________.

The Anaerobic Pathway that follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen is fermentation.

True

The hydrogen necessary in the electron transport chain comes from the splitting of carbon dioxide molecules.

False

Cellular Respiration is Eukaryotes in slightly more efficient than in Prokaryotes.

False

The Krebs Cycle is sometimes called the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle.

True

Fermentation occurs in the mitochondria.

False

Skeletal muscle produces lactic acid when the body cannot supply enough oxygen.

True

Alcohol Fermentation is found in some bacteria and in humans.

False

The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis result in two Krebs Cycles.

True

Electron Transport is the first step in the breakdown of glucose.

False.

Where in the cell does cellular respiration occur?

Cytoplasm.

What is the ultimate function of cellular respiration?

Makes ATP.

Anaerobic respiration is also called.....

Fermentation

The fermentation process includes which stage that is also present in aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis

What is the by-product of fermentation in humans?

Lactic Acid.

What are the products of fermentation in yeast?

Alcohol and CO2.

The absence of which substance will determine if a cell will undergo fermentation?

Oxygen