Bio 2 Exam 3

diffusion

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

true tissues and no tissues

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having

method of reproduction

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their

they are required for animal diets, but these animals are not able to synthesize the nutrients.

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because

the bilaterians

Which of the following clades contains the greatest number of animal species?

amniotic egg

What is a primary, common evolutionary feature of all reptiles, mammals, and birds?

lophotrochozoans

Which clade does NOT include humans?

nervous conduction and muscular movement

Which of the following is unique to animals?

birds

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

Multicellularity probably arose independently in fungi and animals.

Select the correct statement(s) about the origin of fungi

salamander

Which of the following is NOT an amniote?
Salamander
Lizard
Turtle
Dinosaur
Dr. McNeal

Ray-finned Fish

What is the most diverse group of vertebrates? (highest # of extant species)

A - Owl
B - Salamander
C - Goldfish
D - Butterfly
E - Jellyfish

Match the letters to the organism that belongs in that place on the phylogenetic tree

Swim Bladder/Lungs

Which of these characteristics evolved at node C?

B

At which node did paired appendages homologous to arms and legs evolve?

Nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans)

What was the first animal to have its complete genome sequenced?

earthworm

Which of the following is NOT an arthropod?
Butterfly
Earthworm
Millipede
Spider
Crab

backbone

Which of the following is NOT one of the ancestral defining features found across chordates?
Notochord
Backbone
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Muscular tail
Pharyngeal gill slits

Amniotic egg < Swim Bladder/Lungs < Jaws < Notochord < Mesoderm

Put the following characteristics in the order they evolved in your ancestors (Most recent)
Notochord
Swim Bladder/Lungs
Jaws
Mesoderm
Amniotic egg

alligator

Which of the following is not a Lepidosaur?
Gila Monster
Snake
Tuatara
Alligator
Gecko

Porifera

- Spicules

Cnidaria

- Zooxanthellae

Platyhelmenthes

- Tapeworm

Mollusca

- Cephalopods

Annelida

- Chemoautotrophic symbionts

Platyhelmenthes

Out of the list below, which phylum is most closely related to you?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Platyhelmenthes
Placozoa

Mesoderm

Which feature evolved on the same branch of the phylogenetic tree as bilateral symmetry?

Both involve a photosynthetic organism donating carbon skeletons to a chemoheterotrophic organism in exchange for inorganic nutrients

What do coral reefs and lichens have in common?

Echinodemata

Which phylum below is most closely related to you?
Platyhelminthes
Porifera
Cnidaria
Echinodemata
Arthropoda

8

How many haploid spores eventually form from a zygote in Ascomycota species?

Choanoflagellates

Which lineage is most closely related to animals?

False

(True or False) Fungi directly have killed more humans through disease and poisoning than they have saved by other means.

Blastula

What is the name of the "hollow ball of cells" developmental stage shared by all animals

Both involve a photosynthetic organism donating carbon compounds to a fungus in exchange for inorganic nutrients

What do fungi and mycorrhizal interactions have in common?

Chemoheterotrophic
Photoautotrophic

What nutritional mode is this plant? (mistletoe)

True

(True or False) Plants are easier to genetically modify than animals because reproductive tissues or entire plants can often be grown from a single transformed meristem cell.

Glomeromycota

Which group of fungi can actively grow inside plant root cell walls to exchange nutrients?

Dikaryotic

The mushrooms you buy in a grocery store are what type of tissue?

GMO pros

increased crop yields, less pesticides necessary, healthier produce

GMO cons

genes escaping into wild populations

why plants are amenable to genetic transformation

Undifferentiated meristematic cells can often be transformed and induced toregrow into a full plant
•Transformed apical meristem cells give rise to flowers and seeds which will growinto a transgenic plan

Carnivorous Plants

Photoautotrophic,

Mycotrophic Plants

chemoheterotrophic

Parasitic Plants

photoautotrophic/ chemoheterotrophic

5 major lineages of Fungi

Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes

Chytridiomycota characteristics

Live in water and make flagellated haploid spores

Zygomycota characteristics

Very resistant spores made from the zygote that can survive in outerspace/microwave

glomeromycota characteristics

Form specialized mycorrhizal hyphae that actually grow inside plant root cells (penetrate the cell wall but not the cell membrane) to donate inorganic nutrients in exchange for sugars

Ascomycetes characteristics

Hyphae from 2 different individual haploid fungi come together and join into onehypha, but nuclei do not fuse: Dikaryotic= cells with 2 haploid nuclei The haploid nuclei fuse into one diploid nucleus (zygote) for recombination only in reproductive cells, each of which becomes the Ascus, a sac containing 8 haploid ascospores produced through meiosis

Basidiomycetes characteristics

Sexual life cycle similar to Ascomycetes: hyphae from 2 different individual haploid fungi grow together, but nuclei do not fuse: Dikaryotic= each cell with 2haploid nuclei- a mushroom is made of dikaryotic mycelium Nuclei fuse for recombination in a diploid cell that becomes the basidium (zygote), which makes 4 dangling haploid spores through meiosis.

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

_________ and ________ account for the vast majority of described fungispecies.

Ascomycetes Have 8 spores Basidiomycetes have 4

Ascomycetes Vs. Basidiomycetes

Bad ways fungi affect humans

Athlete's Foot, Ringworm, and Jock Itch, dandruff, nail fungus, and yeast infections

good ways fungi affect humans

mycorrhizae, antibiotics, bread yeast

lichens

photosynthetic organism donates carbohydrates in exchange for inorganic nutrients from the fungus

choanoflagellates

Sister group to animals are single-celled, sometimes colonial organisms called __________

Characteristics of Animals

Ingest food and digest it internally with enzymes

Multicellular with no cell walls- held together by proteins

Formation of a blastula/gastrula

Origin probably ~770 million years ago

first fossils at 560 million years ago

Cambrian Explosion (~542 million years ago)

most modern animal phyla appear during _________

Phylum Porifera

sponges

Phylum Porifera characteristics

-no specialized tissues
-filter water to catch food
-often have silica or calcium carbonate Spicules
-basal branching lineage

Phylum Ctenophora

comb jellies

Phylum Ctenophora characteristics

Superficially similar to true 'jellyfish' (Phylum Cnidaria) and used to be grouped with them, but Ctenophores differ in locomotion by rows of cilia. Similar to a big gastrula

Phylum Placozoa

Simple, pancake-like animals

Phylum Placozoa Characteristics

1mm that behave like multicellular amoeba and move with cilia. Probably branched off after Porifera and Ctenophora and are a result of simplification/reduction of an ancestor that probably had tissues

Phylum Cnidaria

jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

Phylum Cnidaria characteristics

-2 tissue layers
-radial symmetry
-gastrovascular cavity functions as both mouth and anus

Bilateral Symmetry evolved

after Sponges and Cnidarian

Bilateral animals have

- A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
- A right and left side that is approximately symmetrical
- Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends
- Having a distinct mouth often leads to cephalization, the development of a head
- 3 tissue layers

the ancestor of bilateral animals would have been....

a simple worm shape with a digestive tract

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flatworms/ lophotrochozoa

Phylum Platyhelminthes characteristics

Simple body plan is probably similar to Acoela & ancestral bilateral animals
•Includes some human parasites (tapeworms, liver flukes)

Phylum Mollusca

Snails & Slugs, Oysters & Clams, Octopi & Squid/ lophotrochozoa

Phylum Mollusca characteristics

-largest marine phylum
-head, foot, and mantle
-soft bodies usually w/a hard shell

Phylum Annelida

segmented worms/ lophotrochozoa

Phylum Annelida characteristics

-segmented bodies

Phylum Nematoda

roundworms/ Ecdysozoa

Phylum Nematoda research organism

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans): 1st animal genome to be completely sequenced

Phylum Arthropoda characteristics

1. means jointed feet
2. jointed appendages
3. exoskeleton: made of chitin
4. open circulatory system

Phylum Arthropoda

jointed animals/ Ecdysozoa

Phylum Arthropoda examples

Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, roly-poly/pillbugs),

Chelicerates (horseshoe crab, scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites, etc.),

Myriapods (millipedes, centipedes)

Hexapods (insects)

Phylum Echinodermata

Slow-moving marine animals: includes sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers/ Deuterostomes

Phylum Chordata

Deuterostomes

Major groups of reptiles

turtles, lepidosaurs (tuataras, lizards, snakes), &archosaurs (crocodilians & dinosaurs- including birds)

4 synapomorphies of chordates

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, muscular post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits

Birds

-the only extant lineage of dinosaurs and belong to the Therapod clade
-feathers evolved for insulation

Adaptations of birds for flight

hollow bones, no teeth, no bladder

synapomorphies of mammals

•~ 5,400 species
•Mammary glands produce milk for feeding young
•Hair for insulation
•Differentiated teeth
•Warm-blooded
•Multiple lineages have gone back to the ocean

3 major lineages of mammals

monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

monotremes

Egg laying mammals

marsupials

Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch.

eutherians

Placental mammal; (humans)

Primates (incl. humans) are related to

rabbits, rodents; lab rats, and lab mice are popular as experimental animals because they are the closest living relatives of humans that are small

Primate Phylogeny

lemurs & lorises
Tarsiers
new world monkeys
old world monkeys
orangutans
gorillas
chimpanzees
humans

4 tissue categories

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Hormone

chemical signal secreted into the circulatory system that communicates regulatory messages

nitrogenous wastes

ammonia, urea, uric acid

ammonia

fish

urea

sharks, amphibians, mammals

uric acid

reptiles, insects, land mollusks

nutritional needs for all animals

- fuel for cellular work
- materials for biosynthesis
- essential nutrients