Definitions and other Important Info

Short Term Memory Definition

Memory lasting <1 hour, typically 18-30 seconds

Short Term Memory Example

Now, why did I come in here?

Long Term Memory Definition

Stores info from past events or hours ago

Long Term Memory Example

What happened on 9/11

Semantic Memory Definition

LTM about general world knowledge (facts, concepts, etc.)

Semantic Memory Example

Paris is the capital of France

Episodic Memory Definition

LTM about personal experiences tied to time/place

Episodic Memory Example

Remembering your wedding day

Procedural Memory Definition

LTM about unconscious memory for skills

Procedural Memory Example

Driving a car or riding a bike

Explicit (Declarative) Memory Definition

LTM of conscious recall of facts/events

Explicit Memory Example

Remembering your phone number

Implicit (Non-Declarative) Memory Definition

LTM thats unconscious memory that’s recalled without effort

Implicit Memory Example

Muscle Memory + Priming

Source Memory Definition

LTM for origin of information; where, when and how it was acquired

Source Memory Example

Remembering what book taught you something

Prefrontal Cortex Involved in?

STM and deep encoding; organizes new info and controls attention

Parietal Lobe Involved in?

Processes somatosensory and spatial input; tough and body location awareness

Occipital Lobe Involved in?

Processes and stores visual data; visual recognition of objects

Temporal Lobe Involved in?

Processes auditory input; hearing/language processing

Hippocampus Involved in?

Encodes emotional LTM; Neurogenesis site

Amygdala Involved in?

Tags memories with emotional significance; damage causes reduced emotional response

Thalamus Involved in?

Processes sensory info relevant to memory; lesion causes retrieval and sensory integration issues

Retrograde Amnesia definition?

Loss of memories formed before injury; cant remember events leading up to crash

Anterograde Amnesia definition?

Inability to form new LTM; remembers childhood but not recent conversations

Frontal Lobe Damage causes?

Disrupts STM to LTM transfer, organization and strategy use; causes disorganized though and poor memory with new information

Hippocampal Lesions Causes?

Affects explicit memory but not skilled learning; cant recall learned info but can still perform practiced tasks

Korsakoff Syndrome?

Amnestic disorder from B1 deficiency that causes confusion, memory gaps, intact STM and confabulation

Confabulation definition?

Unintentional fabrications of memory

Dementia definition?

Loss of memory and at least 1 cognitive skill with preserved alertness

Auditory Agnosia definition?

Inability to recognize sounds

Auditory Agnosia example?

Can’t identify a phone is ringing

Auditory Agnosia lesion area?

Temporal Lobe (Dominant - Left)

Amusia definition?

Inability to recognize music or pitch

Amusia example?

Can’t recognize a familiar song

Amusia lesion location?

Middle Temporal Gyrus

Auditory Verbal Agnosia definition?

Can’t understand spoken language (word deafness)

Auditory Verbal Agnosia example?

Speech sounds like gibberish or mumbles

Auditory Verbal Agnosia lesion location?

Left Temporal Lobe

Agnosia for Sounds definition?

All sounds seem similar or indistinct

Agnosia for Sounds Example?

Barking dog and doorbell sound the same

Agnosia for sounds lesion location?

Temporal Lobe

Visual Object Agnosia?

Inability to identify objects visually

Visual Object Agnosia example?

Can’t recognize key by vision, but can by touch

Visual Object Agnosia lesion location?

Occipital Association Areas

Prosopagnosia definition?

Inability to recognize faces

Prosopagnosia example?

Doesn’t recognize spouses face

Prosopagnosia lesion location?

Left Hemisphere (visual cortex)

Achromatopsia defintion?

Loss of color vision due to brain lesion

Achromatopsia example?

See’s only in grayscale

Achromatopsia lesion location?

Area V4 (occipital lobe)

Asomatognosia definition?

Inability to recognize part of one’s own body part

Asomatognosia example?

Denies arm belongs to them

Asomatognosia lesion location?

Parietal Lobe

Anosognosia definition?

Denial of a disability

Anosognosia example?

Paralyzed arm but denies anything is wrong

Anosognosia lesion location?

Supramarginal Gyrus (Parietal Lobe)

Visual Anosognosia definition?

Denial of blindness

Visual Anosognosia example?

Bumps into objects but claims to be fine

Visual Anosognosia lesion location?

Occipital Lobe + Association Cortex

Easy way to remember the lesion locations for Agnosias?

Visual = Occipital-Temporal
Auditory = Temporal
Touch = Parietal
Self-Awareness = Right Parietal

Ideational Apraxia definition?

Can’t form a plan for an action

Ideational Apraxia example?

Uses toothbrush as a comb

Ideational Apraxia lesion location?

Dominant Parietal + Premotor Cortex

Ideomotor Apraxia definition?

Can’t execute planned movement

Ideomotor Apraxia example?

Knows how to salute but can’t do it

Ideomotor Apraxia lesion location?

Parietal Lobe + Premotor Connections

Kinetic Limb Apraxia definition?

Clumsiness due to impaired motor control

Kinetic Limb Apraxia example?

Can’t button shirt or manipulate utensils

Kinetic Limb Apraxia lesion location?

Left Parietal Lobe

Sensory Neglect Definition

Inattention to sensory input on one side

Sensory Neglect example?

Person not notice when left arm is touched or object placed into left vision

Sensory Neglect lesion location?

Right Parietal

Motor Neglect Defiinition?

Doesn’t use one side despite intact strength

Motor Neglect Example?

Doesn’t move L arm even when aware of it

Motor Neglect lesion location?

Right Hemisphere

Spatial Neglect definition?

Fails to acknowledge space on affected side

Spatial Neglect example?

Ignores food on L side of the plate

Spatial Neglect lesion location?

Right Parietal

Peripersonal Neglect definition?

Neglect behaviors occuring within reaching space

Extrapersonal Neglect definition?

Neglect behaviors occurring in far space

Extinction Neglect definition?

Fails to detect bilateral stimuli on affected side

Extinction Neglect example?

Only feels touch on the R side when both sides are stimulated at once

Extinction Neglect lesion location?

Parietal Cortex

Flaccid Dysarthria definition

LMN damage causing week/slurred speech

Flaccid Dysarthria presentation?

Breathiness, reduce volume, fasiculation

Flaccid Dysarthria lesion location?

Brainstem Motor Nuclei

Spastic Dysarthria defintion?

UMN damage causing slow/harsh speech

Spastic Dysarthria presentation?

Drooling, hyperactive reflexes

Spastic Dysarthria lesion location?

Bilateral Corticobulbar Tract

Ataxic Dysarthria definition?

Cerebellar damage causing irregular scanning speech

Ataxic Dysarthria presentation?

Robot-like or metronomic speech

Ataxic dysarthria lesion location?

Cerebellum

Rigid Dysarthria definition?

Extrapyramidal damage (ex Parkinsons)

Rigid Dysarthria presentation?

Monotone, words run together

Rigid Dysarthria lesion location?

Basal Ganglia

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria definition?

Involuntary movements (ex. Huntingtons)

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria presentation?

Jerky, loud speech, grimacing

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria lesion location?

Basal Ganglia

Dysphonia definition?

Impaired voice production