HHD - Unit 4 - Sac 3

Main goal of WHO

To promote, provide and protect health and wellbeing for all people, everywhere

Goal 1

Promote health: healthier populations

• 6 billion people will enjoy healthier lives

• Respond to climate change which is an increasing health threat

• Address Health Determinants and the main causes of ill health

Goal 2

Provide health: Universal health coverage

• 5 billion people will benefit from universal healthcare without financial hardship

• Advance primary Health Care and essential health system capacities for universal health coverage

• Improve health service coverage and financial protection to address gender inequality and inequity

Goal 3

Protect Health: Health emergencies

• 7 billion people will be protected from health emergencies

• Prevent, mitigate, prepare for risks to health from all hazards

• Rapidly detect and sustain an effective response to all health emergencies

Aid

described as assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long-term sustainable improvements.

• bilateral aid

• multilateral aid

• NGOs

• Australia, like most other high-income countries, provides aid to low- and middle-income countries.

• The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) manages Australia’s aid program.

• aim

  → to reduce poverty

  → promote a peaceful, stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific region, which is based on achieving sustainable development.

Humanitarian Assistance (emergency aid)

is the rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as wars and natural disasters, for example flood, tsunami, earthquake or conflict

• purpose

  → SHORT-TERM + keep people alive

  → respond quickly + effectively to address the immediate needs of the affected communities → improve short-term hwb (does not directly address underlying causes of poverty)

  → ends when people’s lives are no longer in danger

• examples - food, water, medicines and shelter/ could involve personnel (health workers, doctors emergency workers)

Bilateral Aid

The provision of aid from the government of one country (the donor country) to the government of another country (recipient country)

• purpose

  → reduce poverty, improve health outcomes + bring about long-term sustainable development

  → help governments of recipient countries to rebuild/ strengthen their economic, political, health + education systems → become SELF-SUFFICIENT

• characteristics

  → often focuses on projects that can benefit both countries

  → strong relationships with governments of neighbouring countries → promote regional security

  → small-scale or large-scale

  → use the expertise of one country to benefit the other

• examples - support large infrastructure, fund small community based programs (immunisation programs), building schools + providing education programs

benefits of Bilateral aid

• Helps reduce poverty and brings about long-term sustainable development.

• Through consultation, meets the needs of the country and its people

• Helps governments strengthen their economic, political, health and education systems to eventually become self-sufficient

limitations of Bilateral aid

• Sometimes the goods and services are provided by companies from the donating country, thereby favouring the economy and political interests of the donor country.

• If the government of the country receiving aid is corrupt, the aid funds may not be spent on their intended purpose.

• Sometimes bilateral aid projects are focused on urban areas and neglect the poorest people, who are more likely to live in remote rural villages.

Multilateral Aid

assistance provided through a large global organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations, Asian Development Bank or World Health Organization.

• purpose

  → reduce poverty, achieve equity in health outcomes, promote human development and promote long-term sustainable development

• characteristics

  → Focuses on large-scale and long-term projects that individual countries would find difficult to achieve on their own or using bilateral aid.

  → Is less tied to the political interests of individual donor countries.

  → Has greater budgets and reach than individual countries working alone, also able to implement global programs that would be too big for any one government to implement, + has the ability to reach countries and regions that individual countries cannot.

  → Encourages and requires cooperation of many countries.

• examples

  → humanitarian assistance through the World Food Programme (part of the WHO) during periods of famine

  → funding action for global warming and control of diseases such as COVID-19, malaria and tuberculosis

  → major infrastructure projects, such as the building of roads and sanitation systems and agricultural programs.

benefits of Multilateral aid

• Often used to address global issues (e.g. global warming and control of disease) and to fund major infrastructure projects (e.g. building roads)

• Contributes to the achievement of equity in health and wellbeing and to promote human development

• Is less tied to the political interests of individual donor countries

• Allows for the efficient pooling of resources to address global issues that require a global approach

limitations of Multilateral aid

Some of the funds provided to multilateral agencies must be spent by the agency itself for administrative purposes.

NGOs

Non-profit organisations that work to promote health and human development

• purpose

  → Address poverty by working with communities to provide assistance that meets the needs of communities and promotes community development and participation

• characteristics

  → Operate independently of governments (although many of these agencies rely on funding from governments, as well as funds from public donations).

  → The focus is on providing small, community-based projects.

  → Can respond quickly when aid is needed and to reach areas that are often difficult to access

  → Bring strong connections to local communities where trust has already been established

  → They understand the needs of the local community and can bring local expertise to an aid program

• examples

  → World Vision, Oxfam, International Red Cross

  → Provide humanitarian assistance quickly in times of emergencies and crisis

  → Implement programs that assist women and girls to develop leadership skills and to speak out and have their voices heard

  → Provide safe drinking water and sanitation in villages

  → Lobby governments for action on climate change

  → Provide education programs for children

  → Implement maternal and child health programs to support immunisation and the provision of prenatal care

Benefits of NGOs

• Focuses on small community-based projects targeted to specific needs of a community

• Focuses on health and wellbeing needs by promoting community development and participation

• Often have strong connections with local communities which means that trust is already established 

• Can often access areas that other forms of aid are unable to reach

• Have a comprehensive knowledge of poverty and its causes at a local community level 

• Have expertise in working in emergency situations, providing fast and flexible humanitarian assistance

Limitations of NGOs

• NGOs often rely on donations, grants, or fundraising, which can be unpredictable and restrict the scale or sustainability of their projects

• As NGOs will often work in remote, fragile and conflict-affected areas, they may be restricted by government regulations, conflict zones, or cultural barriers, limiting their ability to operate.

Where does Australia provide its aid and why?

the majority of our aid is focused on the Indo-Pacific area, of which Australia is a part.

why

• There are many people living in poverty in our region and many are struggling to meet their basic needs.

• Many of these countries are affected by conflict.

• Stronger growth, prosperity and stability in our region will also benefit Australia.

• These countries are our closest neighbours and this is where Australian aid can make the most difference.

how has australias aid helped overtime

• increase economic development in poorer countries

• helped the world eliminate smallpox

• contributed to the reduction in global malaria rates

• increased access to health services for women and children (improving U5MR)

• contributed to the reduction in poverty

general example of aid provided with SDGs

australian aid program provides funding to support gender equality

• work to end sexual + gender-based violence and advance and protect women’s sexual and reproductive health + rights

• support women in leadership (economic participation)

  → SDG 3 (reduce maternal mortality, ensure universal access to sexual + reproductive healthcare services)

  → SDG 1 (ensure equal rights + everyone has access to essential resources)

  → SDG 5 (end all forms of discrimination against women + girls, ensure women’s participation in decision-making in political, economic and public life)

bilateral example of aid provided with SDGs

australian aid program works with government of Papua New Guinea (PNG), Tonga, Timor-Leste, Cambodians, Vanuatu

SDG 3

• training local health workers + mid wives, funding maternal health clinics in rural → reduce maternal mortality

• immunisation programs for measles, polio, other preventable diseases → end preventable deaths of newborn + U5MR

SDG 6

• the upgrading of water supply systems, providing access to safe drinking water → everyone has access to safe + affordable drinking water

multilateral example of aid provided with SDGs

australia’s Aid program provides multilateral funds to international aid organisations such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations Development Program, UNICEF and the WHO; which provide funds for a range of global programs

SDG 3

• support ‘the global fund’ who run ‘the global fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and Malaria,’

• supports ‘gavi, the vaccine alliance,’ → end epidemic of comm diseases

SDG 4

• ‘Global Partnership for Education,’ → ensure all children complete free, equitable + quality primary and secondary education

Partnerships

• aims of Australia’s aid program cannot be achieved working alone → achieve maximum effectiveness

• Why partnership?

  → Different partners bring different and valuable connections, knowledge, expertise and partnerships with the local communities.

  → They maximise the impact, reach and influence of aid.

  → We can learn and make use of the innovation and experience each partner brings to improve results

  → Avoids duplications of efforts and programs.

  → Ensures the needs of the Indo-Pacific region are represented internationally.

why is bilateral important

When countries work together to coordinate aid programs, it improves the delivery, impact and sustainability of the aid provided

→ pooling resources and expertise, + provide aid where it is most needed

→ promotes health and human development outcomes.

why is multilateral important

• working with agencies such as the United Nations or the World Bank extends the reach of Australia’s aid program because → large size allows them to implement projects on a larger scale than is possible for Australia to do on its own.

why is NGOS important

• maximise the impact and reach of Australian aid, help build sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty.

• can bring strong connections to local communities; access to areas that others don’t or can’t reach, such as in remote, fragile and conflict-affected areas; comprehensive knowledge of poverty in particular contexts and deep development expertise to the aid program.

why are local communities important?

• allows local people to have their say on particular topics that affect them and recommend solutions to government.

• Local people often know what their needs are and how to best meet them; therefore this can be incorporated into aid delivery.

• Small-scale community groups enable the inclusion of women and other minority groups, and fill gaps in essential services.

why are other government departments is important?

• wide range of expertise

why are universities important?

• dfat works with range of australian universities to provide scholarships to students from low- and middle-income countries

• hopefully return to their communities with increased knowledge and skills to bring about positive change, reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development.

why are business/private sector?

• Helps expand the scale and reach of aid efforts.

• Businesses have specific knowledge, ideas, capabilities and resources that can help improve the effectiveness of Australia’s aid program.

• Businesses in low- and middle-income countries are important for the development of jobs, services and income that promotes economic development

Features of an affective AID program

• gives local people ownership → being involved in deciding the type of aid that best meet their needs + fits into longer-term needs + plans → decisions around the design + implementation of the program

• focuses on education → provides with knowledge + skills to improve their health

• addresses a significant need in the community → target issues that are relevant to specific communities → more likely to be involved + embrace

• program is culturally appropriate → local customs + language → shows respect → can understand

• involves partnerships + collaboration → different strength/ expertise of governments, NGOs + local communities → efficient use of resources making them effective + more funding

• program focuses on women → healthier families and opportunities for women to gain employment and contribute to the economy which can ultimately reduce poverty.

• program focuses on reducing poverty → can help meet the needs of the community

• evaluation of the program → aims of the program are being met and that it is making a difference to the health and human development of the target community

• ease of access → barriers such as geographical location, cost, discrimination, language and culture should be considered (most vulnerable and in need can access)

Individual action

taking individual action involves the personal choices and actions that we make as individuals that can have an impact on society as a whole.

• things you can do from the couch - save electricity by turning appliances off completely when not in use, repost gender equality on social media

• things you can do at home - take short showers to save water, recycle paper, plastic, glass to stop landfills from growing

• things you can do at work - speak up against any type of discrimination, encourage your workplace to use energy efficient heating and cooling technology

• things you can do in the community - bike, walk or take public transport, shop local to keep people employed

social action

Social action is about using collective action to do something to help bring about positive change.

protesting and volunteering mostly

• can be used to influence the decisions of people in power. Having a say shows understanding and concern about issues such as poverty, inequality and hunger.

• By working together, groups often have more power and influence because of their numbers.

• ensures that the needs of all people are represented (minority)

• prevent harm + damage to the community or the environment

examples of social action

• volunteering their time → RED SHIELD APPEAL FOR THE RED CROSS → assist in raising funds + being a part of volunteer program → help improve the lives of others → funds help people who are disadvantaged in local community

• donate money to NGOs → World vision, Oxfam, Red cross → help continue work they do in low and middle income countries → provide humanitarian assistance + sponsor a child

• conduct fundraising → in school or community → raise awareness + funds for communities

• sign petitions → signing online petitions → community support keep pressure on politicians

• develop awareness campaigns → ‘plastic free july’ - encourage people to do something

• purchase products that promote social change - selling goods that give back to the communities or used to bring about social change

  → fairtrade → help producers in low and middle c achieve better trading conditions to promote sustainable farming - better deals and trading opportunities

• lobby governments → organise a group of people to write to newspapers or politicians to attend a community gathering to answer questions

• organise a boycott → dont buy because how workers are treated or impact they have on the environment

• start a social enterprise activity → identifying and researching the problem → planning a solution and developing an action plan and taking action to solve the problem

  → WHO GIVES A CRAP → help access environmentally friendly toilet paper in a financially sustainable and help address water and sanitation issues