BIO - Ch 7 Cellular Respiration

what is aerobic cellular respiration

when oxygen is present

what molecules does aerobic cellular respiration result in

carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy (ATP)

what is oxidation

the loss of electrons

what is reduction

the gain of electrons

what does OIL RIG stand for

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

what are electron carriers

molecules that carry electrons from one set of reactions to another

is NAD+ oxidized or reduced

NAD+ oxidized

is NADH oxidized or reduced

NADH reduced

NADH and FADH2 are what

electron carriers

NAD+ and FAD are what

electron acceptors

what is the first stage of cellular respiration

glycolysis

where does glycolysis take place

the the cytosol - liquid of cell

what does glycolysis do

breaks down glucose into two pyruvates

how much ATP does glycolysis produce & through what

2 ATP, through substrate level phosphorylation

what is anaerobic cellular respiration

can proceed without oxygen (doesn’t need oxygen to work)

what energy molecules are produced in glycolysis

2 pyruvates, 2 ATP and 2NADH

what is oxidized in glycolysis

glucose is oxidized in glycolysis

what is the chemical equation for glucose

C6 H12 O6

what is reduced in glycolysis

NAD+ is reduced in glycolysis and converts to NADH

what are the reactants in glycolysis

1 glucose (C6H12O6) 2 ADP (and a phosphate) and 2 NAD+

what is the second stage of aerobic cellular respiration

pyruvate oxidation/creation of Acetyl coA

what happens during pyruvate oxidation

pyruvates are broken down into an acetyl group & acetyl joins coenzyme A to become acetyl coA

where does pyruvate oxidation take place

pyruvate oxidation takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

how much ATP is produced during pyruvate oxidation

none

what electron carriers are produced in pyruvate oxidation

2NADH is produced in pyruvate oxidation

what is oxidized in pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate is oxidized in pyruvate oxidation

what is reduced in pyruvate oxidation

NAD+ which converts to NADH in pyruvate oxidation

what is the intermembrane space

the space between outer and inner membrane

what is the outer membrane

surrounds the cell wall (on the “outside”

what is the inner membrane

barrier between the outer membrane and intermembrane space, it makes something that looks like a dividing wall between them

what is the matrix of a mitochondria

the gel like space within the inner membrane

what is the cristae in a mitochondria

the folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, it increases surface tension on the membrane

what is the third stage of aerobic cellular respiration

the citric acid cycle, aka the krebs cycle

what happens in the citric acid cycle

Acetyl coA gets broken down into CO2 and then makes ALOT of electron carriers (NADH & FADH2)

where does the krebs cycle take place

citric acid cycle takes place in the inner matrix of the mitochondria

what are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation

2 pyruvates. 2NADH+ and 2 coenzyme A

what are the products of pyruvate oxidation

2 acetyl coA, 2NADH and 2CO2

how much ATP is produced through the krebs cycle and what type of production is used

2ATP, substrate level phosphorylation is produced in the Krebs cycle

what electron carriers are produced during the citric acid cycle

6NADH and 2FADH2

what is oxidized in the krebs cycle

acetyl coA

what is reduced in the citric acid cycle

NAD+ and FAD are reduced in the citric acid cycle

what are the reactants in the krebs cycle

2acetyl coA, 2FAD, and 2ADP + P

what are the products of the krebs cycle

4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2 and 2ATP

how many times does the krebs cycle occur for one glucose molecule

the krebs cycle occurs twice

how many times does pyruvate oxidation occur for one glucose molecule

pyruvate oxidation occurs twice

what is the fourth stage of cellular respiration

oxidative phosphorylation

what does oxidative phosphorylation do

uses the energy stores in electron carriers to create a proton gradient that will power ATP synthase and make ATP

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place

OX takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

how much ATP is produced in oxidative phosphorylation, and through what?

28 to 30 ATP, made through oxidative phosphorylation

what electrons carriers are used/produced in oxidative phosphorylation

10NADH & FADG are used (this is where all the energy from our original glucose is stored)

what is oxidized in oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2

what is reduced in oxidative phosphorylation

O2 is reduced to make H2O

where is the electron transport chain

located in the inner membrane

how does the ETC work

• NADH and FADH2 carry their electrons to proteins in the electron transport chain 

• Electrons are passed until they reach the final electron acceptor, oxygen 

• when oxygen accepts the electron and pulls it off the ETV, it is reduced to water 

where in in stage four is there a high concentration of hydrogen

the intermembrane space

where in stage four is there a low concentration of hydrogen

the matrix of the mitochondria

how much TOTAL ATP is created during cellular respiration per glucose molecule

32 - 34 ATP per glucose molecule

what is chemiosmosis

when ions/molecules move across a semipermeable membrane using an electrochemical gradient

how does ATP synthase work

• PE stored in the proton gradient is converted to mechanical (kinetic) energy as protons move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase 

• The change in shape of ATP synthase helps catalyze the reaction, converting ADP and P to ATP

what does ATP synthase do

uses protons flowing down gradient to mass produce ATP