Humanities, 17.1-17.3
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What is a caravel?
A small, fast, maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually three masts with lateen sails.
What is a conquistador
A leader in the Spanish conquest of the Americas
What is a colony?
A settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control.
What were European explorers always interested in?
Asia
_____ _____ travel to Asia intrigued Europeans
Marco Polo’s
What did European explorers begin searching for?
Sea routes to Asia
Who wanted to expand trade?
Merchants, adventurers, and state officials
Who sailed down the western coast of Africa and when?
Prince Henry the Navigator in the 15th century
What was discovered in Western Africa?
Gold
What did the Europeans begin calling the Western Africa?
The gold coast
Who convinced the king and queen of Spain to fund an exploratory mission to find a new route to Asia by traveling west and when?
Christopher Columbus, in 1492
When did Columbus arrive in the Americas?
October, 1492
Where did Columbus believe he arrived?
Asia
Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
He was a Spanish explorer who sought a sea passage through the Americas
Where did Ferdinand Magellan sail?
Around the Southern tip of South America in 1520 and into the Pacific Ocean
Who explored the New England coast on behalf on England and when?
John Cabot, in 1497
Who claimed the region of Brazil in 1500?
Portugal
Who was Hernando Cortez?
He was a Spanish conquistador who arrived in Tenochtitlan in 1519
What were the Aztecs unfamiliar with?
Men on horseback, firearms, steel swords, and canons
Who landed on the Pacific coast of South America and encountered the Incas?
Francisco Pizarro and his men
What became dominant in North America?
England and France
What did the French colonize and when?
Parts of modern-day Canada, in the 17th century
What did the English establish in 1607?
Jamestown in Virginia
The colony was a ________, instead of planting crops colonists concentrated on looking for gold
disaster
What did the pilgrams from England establish?
Plymouth in 1620
________ were persecuted for their religious beliefs in England
Pilgrims
What happened at the end of the 17th century?
England had gained control of most of the eastern seaboard of North America and Spain was still dominant in Latin America
What is the Columbian exchange?
It was the exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas
Why did European colonists establish plantations?
To grow sugar, cotton, vanilla, and other crops
What did Europeans introduce to the Americas?
Citrus fruits, bananas, grapes, sugar cane, honey bees, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, wheat, rice, barley, oats, peaches, pears, olives, and diseases such as smallpox and influenza
What did the Americas introduce to Europe?
Squash, pumpkins, turkey, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, peppers, tobacco, pineapple, cacao, and vanilla
What did the Native peoples of North America have no immunity to and why?
Smallpox and measles, they were never exposed to these diseases before.
Native American populations had dramatically __________
decreased
Who was brought to the Americas to work on plantations?
Enslaved Africans
What did the slave trade become apart of?
The Triangular Trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas
How many enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas between 1500-1800?
10 million
What was the middle passage?
A slave trade route which was inhumane and many died on the trip.
WHen did slvarey end in the British empire?
1833
When did the United States end slavery?
in the 1860s
What did central and south America become known as?
Latin America
The spanish permitted marriages between ________ and ______ _______
Europeans and Native Americans
What are Mestizos?
People of European and Native American ancestry
What are Mulattos?
People of European and African ancestry
Who was considered the bottom of society?
Enslaved Africans and conquered Native Americans
Where did Portugal and Spain extract silver from?
Latin America
The abundance of ________ ______ helped to fund Spain’s wars and further colonization
precious metals
Spanish landowners continued to make use of the ___________ ______ where Spanish colonists could use Native Americans as laborers
encomienda system
What was Mita?
a system where the Spanish drafted natives for work
Why did the Native American population begin to decline?
They experienced harsh working conditions under encomienda
__________ __________ were sent to the Americas to convert indigenous peoples
Catholic missionaries
What did the Catholic church also build in the Americas?
cathedrals, hospitals, and schools in the colonies
What is Creole?
A person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently
What is a Peninsulare?
A person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a spanish or portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe.
What are subsides?
Payments made to support enterprises a government thinks are beneficial
What is mercantilism?
A set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17th century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver
What is a joint-stock company?
A business where stocks, or a share of ownership in a company, are bought and owned by shareholders
Who became one of the wealthiest nations during the age of Exploration?
Spain