human anatomy midterm 1-7

nervous system:

parts of the neuron - what are the parts

soma (cell body)

nucleus (middle of soma)

axon

dendrites

synaptic knob

part of neuron - axon

what part of the neuron carries out impulses away from the neuron:

part of neuron - dendrites

Receive signals from the other neurons and send the information to the soma

Part that Interconnects different neurons

part of neuron - synaptic knobs

Part that Releases neurotransmitters

When muscles get activated the nerve releases a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ach) released from small vesicles, ach attaches to muscles, it will release calcium ,calcium causes muscles contract

what are the main neurons in humans

multipolar neurons

a lot of dendrite one axon, found in our bodies

what is grey matter made up of

dendrites and soma (cell body)

what is white matter made up of

axons

what is the function of the glial cells

support neurons

protection

nutrition

phagocytosis

name of glial cells in (central nervous system) that form myelin sheath are called:

oligodendrocytes

name of glial cells in (peripheral nervous system) that form myelin sheath are called:

Schwann cells

what is the blood brain barrier formed by:

astrocytes

what is cranial nerve 1-I - function

nerve I

olfactory nerve - sense of smell

what is cranial nerve 2:II - function

optic nerve - vision

what is cranial nerve 3:III - function

oculomotor nerve - movement of eye, pupil constriction and voluntary eye movements)

what is cranial nerve 4:IV - function

trochlear nerve - eye movements

what is cranial nerve 5:V - function

trigeminal nerve -

sensory impulses:

touch

temperature

pain on the face

controls chewing

detects lower jaw sensations

what is cranial nerve 6:VI - function

abducens nerve - (voluntary eye movements)

what is cranial nerve 7:VII - function

facial nerve -

taste

facial expressions (bells palsy)

secretion of tears and saliva

what is cranial nerve 8:VIII - function

Vestibulocochlear nerve - hearing and balance

what is cranial nerve 9:IX - function

glossopharyngeal nerve -

taste

tongue movements and sensations

plays a role in blood pressure regulation

what is cranial nerve 10:X - function

vagus nerve -

autonomic function

heart rate

lung (respiratory)

digestion

urinary function

vasomotor:

coughing

sneezing

swallowing

vomiting

what is cranial nerve 11:XI - function

spinal accessory nerve - movement of head, neck, and shoulders

what is cranial nerve 12:XII - function

Hypoglossal nerve - tongue movements

what cranial nerves are responsible for eye movements

3 - oculomotor

4 - trochlear

6 - abducens

which part of the brain is responsible for autonomic function

hypothalamus

which part of the brain is responsible for emotion:

amygdala

which part of the brain is responsible for short term to long term memory

hippocampus

what are the different layers of the brain

dura mater

arachnoid

pia mater

which space is the CSF found:

subarachnoid space

main function of mid brain:

auditory and visual reflexes

main function of pons:

conveys sensory and motor impulses, like a pathway

function of medulla

responsible for  1 cardiac centre, 2 respiratory centre, 1 vasomotor centre (cough, sneezing, reflexes)

main function of cerebellum

balance and coordination

what are the different lobes of the brain

frontal lobe

temporal lobe

occipital lobe

parietal lobe

frontal lobe - function

personality and learning

temporal lobe - function

hearing (auditory)

occipital lobe - function

vision

parietal lobe - function

touch

pressure

spatial awareness

what is the other name for (taste)

gustation

what is the other name for (smell)

olfaction

what are the nerves involved in taste

glossopharyngeal - IX

vagus - X

facial nerve - VII

vision - what are rods responsible for

dim light

vision - what are cones responsible for

detail

Hearing Nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - 8:VIII

what two things are in the ear responsible for balance and hearing

Hearing - cochlea - organ of corti

balance - semicircular canals

by 8th nerve

what is the CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) produced by

choroid plexus (has ependymal cells)

then drains into dural venous sinuses

dural venous sinuses found between the two layers in the dura mater

then drained into the heart by venous system

How is CSF drained

then drains into dural venous sinuses

dural venous sinuses found between the two layers in the dura mater

then drained into the heart by venous system

where are dural venous sinuses found

found between the two layers of the dura mater

pain receptors - what is nociceptors

detects pain

nerve cell endings that initiate the sensation of pain

Pain receptor - fast

sharp pain

pain receptor - slow

dull pain from deep organs

referred pain

problem occurs somewhere different then where the pain actually is (EX: heart attack, pain in jaw and side of body)

skeletal system - classifications of bones - types of bones

long bone

short bone

irregular

flat bone

sesamoid bone (ex: patella)

what are the bones of apendicular skeleton

iliac bone (pelvis)

coxal bone (3 parts) ilium, ischium, pubis

clavicle (collar bone)

scapula

humerus

ulna

radius

carpal bones

metacarpals

phalanges

femur

patella

tibia

fibula

tarsal bones

metatarsals

phalanges

what are the bones of axial skeleton/system

skull

facial bone

spine (all vertebrae)

sacrum

sternum

coccyx

ribs

hyoid

bone parts

diaphysis

epiphyseal plate

diaphysis

long part of the bone

epiphyseal plate

keeps growing until puberty, then becomes the epiphyseal line

where is bone marrow

inside diaphysis

bone marrow color in children

red

bone marrow color in adults

yellow

function of articular cartilage

protects and lines epiphysis when the bones join together

what is the covering of the bone

periosteum

what is the basic structural unit of bone

osteon

bones are found by certain cells - what forms the bone

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

cells that destroy worn out extra bones

mature osteoblast is called

osteocytes

synarthrosis

fibrous joint that can not move

Cartilaginous joints

joints that move a bit

synovial joints

joints that move very well

which are the true ribs

ribs 1-7 - attached to sternum

which are the false ribs

ribs 8,9,10 - attached to the 7th rib

which are the floating ribs

ribs 11, 12 - no attachment

what are the movements of the body

Abduction

Adduction

Flexion

Extension

Supination

pronation

Plantar flexion (down)

Dorsi flexion: towards you (foot)

abduction

movement of body part away from midline of body

adduction

movement of a body part toward midline of body

flexion

limb coming closer

movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

extension

bones going farther away

increasing the angle between the bones

dorsiflexion

moving toes or foot upward ( towards leg)

plantar flexion

moving toes or foot downwards (towards surface)

(plantar - bottom of foot)

supination

movement that turns the palm up ward

pronation

movement that turns the palm downward

what is the largest bone found in the foot called

calcaneus

what is the function of flat bones - ex

protects internal organs

attachment of muscles

Ex: skull, sternum, scapula

which bone is the thigh bone (in leg)

femur

which bones are the leg bones

tibia

fibula

which bone bears weight in the leg (stronger)

tibia

which bone is the ankle bone

malleolus (protrusion of fibula and tibia)

what are the skull bones - amount of each

frontal - 1

occipital - 1

parietal - 2

temporal - 2

sphenoid - 1

ethmoid

what are the facial bones

maxilla

mandible

zygomatic

frontal

nasal cavity

ethmoid

lacrimal

vomer

inferior concha

Tempera mandibular joint (TMJ) strongest joint

Palatine

muscular system - 3 types of muscles by microscope appearance

cardiac muscle - striated (patterns) + intercalated discs involuntary found in the heart (involuntary)

skeletal muscle - striations (arms, legs can move) voluntary muscle

smooth muscle - no striations (found in digestive tract urinary, cannot control autonomic/involuntary)

differentiate between cardiac and skeletal muscle - the cardiac muscle has intercalated discs

what neurotransmitter is used for muscle contractions

acetylcholine

what is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine and brings relaxation:

acetylcholinesterase

what is the main ion responsible for the contraction of muscles

calcium

primer

main thing which moves muscle/contracting muscle

synergist

helps primer - helps muscle to move

antagonist

opposes the primer - resisting the movement carried out by the primer muscles

what are fascicles

group of muscle fibres

diaphragm - external intercostal muscle

enlarges the thorax to trigger
inspiration (breathing in), responsible for inspiration (breathing in)