herp study questions

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50 Terms

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Monophyletic

A group that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.

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Paraphyletic

A group that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.

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Polyphyletic

A group that does not include the common ancestor of the group.

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Amplexus

The mating position of amphibians.

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What is the ancestral amplexus form

inguinal

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What is the derived amplexus form

axillary

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Metamorphosis

Transformation process from larval to adult form.

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do frogs do metamorphosis

ALWAYS

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Neoteny

Retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult.

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Progenesis

Attainment of sexual maturity at a juvenile stage.

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Cutaneous respiration

Breathing through the skin.

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Acrodont teeth

Teeth attached to the top of the jawbone.

<p>Teeth attached to the top of the jawbone.</p>
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Pleurodont teeth

Teeth attached to the inner side of the jawbone.

<p>Teeth attached to the inner side of the jawbone.</p>
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Thecodont teeth

Teeth set in sockets in the jawbone.

<p>Teeth set in sockets in the jawbone.</p>
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Jacobson’s organ

An olfactory sense organ in the roof of the mouth.

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Anapsid

Skull type with no openings behind the eye.

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Synapsid

Skull type with one opening behind the eye.

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Diapsid

Skull type with two openings behind the eye.

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Amniote

A group of tetrapods characterized by an amniotic egg.

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Anuran

A frog or toad.

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Urodela

The order of amphibians that includes salamanders.

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Spermatophore

A package of sperm transferred during mating.

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Unken reflex

Defensive posture in salamanders.

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Plethodontidae

A family of lungless salamanders.

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Caecilians

Legless amphibians with a worm-like appearance.

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Suborder Pleurodira

A suborder of turtles including families Chelidae, Pelomedusidae, and Podocnemidae, known for their unique neck retraction sideways under the shell.

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Suction Feeding

A feeding mechanism used by some turtles, like the family Chelidae, where they create a vacuum to draw in prey.

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Alligator Snapping Turtle

A unique turtle species in the family Chelydridae known for its large size, powerful jaws, and a worm-like lure on its tongue to attract prey.

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Suborder Cryptodira

A suborder of turtles with families like Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, known for retracting their neck vertically under the shell.

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Leatherbacks

The largest extant turtles, belonging to the family Dermochelyidae, known for their unique leathery shell.

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Regional Ectothermy

A thermoregulation strategy seen in some turtles, like Dermatemydidae, where body temperature varies in different body regions.

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Hemipenes

Paired copulatory organs found in male squamates like lizards, used during mating to transfer sperm to females.

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Parthenogenesis

A form of asexual reproduction seen in some squamates, where females produce offspring without fertilization by males.

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Pineal/Parietal Eye

A light-sensitive organ found in some squamates, like Iguania, which helps regulate circadian rhythms and detect light changes.

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Elapidae

A specialized family of snakes known for their venomous nature.

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Species

Elapidae family features species like cobras, coral snakes, and mambas.

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Key Characteristics

Elapids have hollow, fixed fangs at the front of their mouths, slender bodies, vibrant coloration for warning, and neurotoxic venom.

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Hydrophiinae

A subfamily of Elapidae known as sea snakes, characterized by flattened tails for swimming and distribution in marine environments.

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Atractaspididae

A family of snakes with small, fixed fangs at the front of their mouths and burrowing habits.

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Cutaneous Respiration

False, snakes cannot fulfill their respiratory needs through cutaneous respiration.

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Burmese Python

Their presence in the Florida Everglades has led to ecosystem destruction due to their impact on the trophic cascade and lack of natural predators.

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Rubber Boa

During "wintering," these snakes hibernate in the fridge without losing calories, can go months without eating, and use the Jacobson Organ for scent detection.

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Crocodilians

Grouped with Archosauria, now known as Archosauria including Testudines, they share traits with birds, exhibit aquatic behavior, and show parental care.

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Crocodilian Decline

Historically threatened by habitat loss, hunting, and pollution, leading to severe population declines.

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Crocodilian Sex Determination

Crocodiles have temperature-dependent sex determination, where the incubation temperature determines the sex of the offspring.

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Alligatoridae

Family including alligators with notable species like American alligator, exhibiting specific behaviors, coloration, and prey preferences.

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Crocodylidae

Family of crocodiles with diverse species, behaviors, and distributions, facing threats like habitat loss and hunting.

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Gavialidae

Family including gharials, facing a dramatic decline due to habitat loss and conservation efforts aiding in their recovery.

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Tuatara

A reptile group in Rhynchocephalia, sharing a common ancestor with squamates, not closely related to crocodiles, and exhibiting unique genomic features.

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Sphenodontidae

The only family in Rhynchocephalia, characterized by unique skull and teeth, lack of intromittent organ, and problematic sex determination for populations.