Ch.9

The Age of Discovery

Period from the 15th to the 17th century marked by European exploration and the establishment of overseas colonies.

The Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods, crops, diseases, and people between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

Treaty of Tordesillas

The 1494 treaty that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566, known for significant military and cultural achievements.

The Mughal Empire

A prominent Muslim empire in India known for its cultural and architectural innovations, such as the Taj Mahal.

Zheng He

Chinese explorer whose maritime voyages from 1405 to 1433 established China's presence in the Indian Ocean.

The Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China (1644–1912), established by the Manchu, expanding China's borders significantly.

Serfdom

A labor system where peasants (serfs) were tied to the land and limited in social mobility, prevalent in Russia.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement beginning in 1517 that led to the creation of Protestant churches and significant religious conflict in Europe.

Technological and Military Advancements

Developments in military technology, such as firearms and naval power, that influenced European dominance in global conflicts.