13.2 Family and Kinship

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67 Terms

1
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What is the most basic unit for Anthropologists?

family

2
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What does family determine?

our identities, our life chances, who you spend your time with

3
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What is family directly related to?

economics

4
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To understand a society, what must we understand about them?

how they organize their families

5
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What do families form in all societies?

the basic social and economic unit of all societies

6
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What can we discover by studying families and households?

some of the fundamental differences between various cultures

7
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What is family generally defined by?

“kinship”

8
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What does consanguineous mean?

being related by blood

9
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<p>What do anthropologists use to talk about family structures?</p>

What do anthropologists use to talk about family structures?

kinship charts

10
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What does ego mean on kinship charts?

you

11
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What are many of the rules about marriage based on?

who you are related to; but those relations are defined in different ways by different cultures

12
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<p>What are bilateral kinship systems?</p>

What are bilateral kinship systems?

you are related to both your mother’s and your father’s side; how many of us see the world

13
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<p>What are patrilineal kinship systems?</p>

What are patrilineal kinship systems?

descent through the male line; these may or may not be your “relatives” since you do not trace descent through them; the chart doesn’t change, but how we read it does

14
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<p>What are matrilineal kinship systems?</p>

What are matrilineal kinship systems?

descent through the female line

15
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What does affinal mean?

marriage

16
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The ideal of marriage is universal, but the form it takes varies between what?

societies based on cultural norms, religion, economic strategies, etc.

17
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Because marriage is universal, what does it enable?

gendered divisions of labor which makes deciding who does what work more efficient (though not always fair)

18
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Because marriage is universal, what does it allow us to do?

take care of our infants; human infants require so much more care and attention than the infants of other species

19
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Because marriage is universal, what does it create for children?

role models for children to learn about gender roles and expectations (gender stratification)

20
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Because marriage is universal, what does it minimizes?

sexual competition; we can spend less time dating and more time doing other things

21
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Because marriage is universal, what can it be part of?

an economic exchange and alliance formation

22
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While marriage is universal, different societies have different norms. What two kinds of marriages do we tend to think of?

arrange marriages and “love” marriages

23
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<p>Marriage is a continuum from _____ to ______ ______ </p>

Marriage is a continuum from _____ to ______ ______

arranged; couple’s choice

24
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<p>The role of “love” and money in marriages is a continuum from _____ ______ to _____-_______ _______</p>

The role of “love” and money in marriages is a continuum from _____ ______ to _____-_______ _______

love marriages; socio-economic marriages

25
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What is monogamy?

marriage between two

26
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What is polygamy?

marriage between several

27
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What is polygyny?

one man marries several women

28
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What is polyandry?

one woman marries several men

29
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What does mono mean?

one

30
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What does poly mean?

many

31
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What does gamy mean?

marriage

32
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What kind of marriage restriction is incest?

restrictions against marrying “close” family, but “close” is defined differently between culture

33
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What is exogamy?

only allowing marriages “outside” of the group

34
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What is endogamy?

only allowing marriages “inside” of the group

35
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What does exo mean?

outside

36
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What does Endo mean?

within

37
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In the USA, how many states allow first cousin marriages?

21

38
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In the USA, how many states DO NOT allow first cousin marriages?

23

39
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In the USA, how many states set conditions on first cousin marriage?

6

40
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Can you marry your cousin in Illinois?

yes, but under certain circumstances

41
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Worldwide what percentage of marriages are between first or second cousins?

10%

42
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In the US, what is greatly exaggerated in popular culture to place constraints on the behavior?

the increased risks of genetic disorders between cousin marriage

43
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The increased risks of genetic disorders between cousin marriage being exaggerated in the US is an example of what?

how “science can be exaggerated to encourage a specific cultural norms

44
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What qualifies as a cousin in the US?

children of your mother’s brothers and sister or your father’s brothers and sisters

45
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What are parallel cousins?

children of your mother’s sister or your father’s brother

46
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What are cross cousins?

children of your mother’s brother or your father’s sister

47
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What is one of the most common forms of marriage in the world and throughout human history involving cousins?

cross cousins marriages

48
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What is the advantage of cross-cousin marriage?

it allows you to marry someone who is technically outside of your immediate family, but whose family know very well, and you can probably trust; family resources remain in a smaller circle of people who can be counted on to help out in times of crisis

49
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<p>What are single parent families?</p>

What are single parent families?

one parent and their unmarried children

50
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<p>What is the smallest defined family and frequently female-led?</p>

What is the smallest defined family and frequently female-led?

single parent families

51
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What are nuclear families?

two parents and their unmarried children

52
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What are some characteristics of nuclear families?

common in the US

rare in the world and almost non-existent in the past

our idea of nuclear family = household is a 20th century creation

in most common areas of the world both the concepts of families and households are far more complex

53
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What are extended families?

one or two parents and their unmarried children plus one or more additional family members (often elderly)

54
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What are some characteristics of extended families?

often involves the grandparents

common in 20% of American households

it is extremely common elsewhere

55
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What are joint families (eg. patrilocal)?

two parents, their sons, their sons’ wives, and all of the unmarried children of their sons

56
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What is the difference between joint families and extended families?

joint families include multiple generations

57
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Where are joint families very common?

South Asia

58
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What are some residence patterns?

patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal

59
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<p>What does patrilocal mean?</p>

What does patrilocal mean?

a married couple lives with the husband’s parents

60
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What are patrilocal residences made up of?

fathers, sons and brothers and their unrelated wives

61
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<p>In a patrilocal residence, if a husband and wife have four children, two sons and two daughters, who stays and who marries outside? What happens in the next generation?</p>

In a patrilocal residence, if a husband and wife have four children, two sons and two daughters, who stays and who marries outside? What happens in the next generation?

The sons stay in the household while the daughters marry outside. In the next generation all the sons stay in the household while all the daughters leave

62
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What does matrilocal mean?

a married couple lives with the wife’s parents

63
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What does neolocal mean?

married couple finds a new residence separate from both parents’ households (this is a very new idea)

64
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In the US, what are the few rules about residency after marriage largely determined by?

economics; this is very rare among other cultures and across history

65
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What may determine the amount of power, prestige and wealth you have access to and control the most important aspects of your life?

who you live with

66
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What does fictive mean?

neither marriage nor blood (social)

67
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What social position in society do females tend to hold?

females tend to hold extremely poor social positions in societies that are organized with male descent groups (patrilineal) and where they must live with their husbands’ family (patrilocality)