Unit 2: American Revolution & Early Republic HUSH Final Exam

Seven Years War French and Indian War

Conflict between Britain and France over land in North America that left Britain in debt and increased tensions with colonists

Salutary Neglect

British policy of loosely enforcing laws in the colonies, allowing colonial self-government

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the French and Indian War and gave Britain control of most French territory in North America

Proclamation Line of 1763

Banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflict with Native Americans

American Revolution 1764 to 1783

Colonial struggle to gain independence from British rule

Sugar Act of 1763

Tax on sugar and molasses to raise revenue for Britain

Stamp Act of 1764

Tax on printed materials that angered colonists and led to protests

Daughters of Liberty

Colonial women who boycotted British goods and supported the patriot cause

Sons of Liberty

Patriot group that protested British taxes using demonstrations and intimidation

Townshend Acts

Taxes on imported goods like tea, glass, and paper

Boston Massacre

British soldiers killed five colonists; Patriots used it as propaganda

Tea Act of 1773

Gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales

Boston Tea Party

Colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to protest taxation

Intolerable Acts

Punitive laws passed to punish Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party

First Continental Congress

Colonial meeting to protest British policies and organize resistance

Second Continental Congress

Colonial government that managed the war effort and formed the Continental Army

Lexington and Concord

First battles of the American Revolution

Strengths of the Continental Army

Strong motivation, leadership, and home-field advantage

Weaknesses of the Continental Army

Lack of training, supplies, and funding

Battle of Saratoga

Major American victory that convinced France to support the colonies

Battle of Yorktown

Final major battle where British forces surrendered

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ended the American Revolution and recognized U.S. independence

East and West Florida

British territories gained after 1763 that were returned to Spain in 1783

Republicanism

Belief that government should be based on the consent of the governed

Liberalism

Emphasis on individual rights, liberty, and equality before the law

Nationalism

Strong sense of pride and loyalty to the nation

Egalitarianism

Belief in equality of all people

Suffrage

The right to vote

Sovereignty

Supreme power or authority of a state or people

Republican Motherhood

Idea that women should educate children to be good citizens

Federalism

Division of power between national and state governments

Federalists

Supported a strong national government and the Constitution

Anti Federalists

Opposed strong central government and demanded a Bill of Rights

Strengths of Articles of Confederation

Created a union of states and won the Revolutionary War

Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation

Lacked power to tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws

Depression and war bonds

Economic struggles after the war due to debt and unpaid soldiers

First Ordinance of 1784

Established process for territories to become states

Land Ordinance of 1785

Set up land surveying and sales to fund education

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Outlined statehood process and banned slavery north of the Ohio River

Shays Rebellion

Uprising of farmers that revealed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Constitutional Convention

Meeting to revise the Articles that resulted in the Constitution

Virginia Plan

Proposed representation based on population

New Jersey Plan

Proposed equal representation for states

Slave Trade Clause

Allowed the slave trade to continue until 1808

Hamilton Financial Plan

Program to stabilize the economy through debt repayment and a national bank

Whiskey Rebellion

Protest against a federal whiskey tax that showed government authority

Impact of George Washington Presidency

Set precedents such as a two-term limit and neutrality

George Washington

Commanded the Continental Army and became the first U.S. president

Benjamin Franklin and American Philosophical Society

Promoted science, diplomacy, and Enlightenment ideas

King George III

British king during the American Revolution

Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa

Led Native resistance to British expansion after 1763

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense supporting independence

Abigail Adams

Advocated for women’s rights and independence

Esther de Berdt Reed

Raised funds to support Continental soldiers

Deborah Sampson

Disguised herself as a man to fight in the Continental Army

Anna Smith Strong

Helped spy for the Patriots during the war

Alexander Hamilton

Key Federalist leader and first Secretary of the Treasury

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the Revolution

James Madison

Key framer of the Constitution and Bill of Rights

Framers

Delegates who wrote the U.S. Constitution