practice test wake up

Creatnine levels

0.5-1.5

Creatnine levels reflect

kidneys

BUN levels

10-20

BUN levels indicate

Nitrogen levels in blood

keto diet targets

carbs

DASH diet targets

BP

fasting targets

metabolic levels

acute signs of poor tissue perfusion

slow capillary refill, increased HR, and pale color/coldness of extremities

dropping HR and increasing BP indicates

Body going into shock= not enough oxygen/ poor perfusion

Risks associated with aging and perfusion

sedentary lifestyle, diet, and hypertension (HTN)

uticaria =

rash

highest priority issue associated with perfusion

Shock

cyanosis =

bluish skin

most concerning issue associated with lower extremity injury

compartment syndrome= pressure builds up in muscles

cardiac output =

stroke volume x HR

Lack of perfusion causes

cell death, ischemia, and cell injury

nonpitting edema is associated with

thyroid and lymphatic system- harder to treat, less life threatening

pitting edema is associated with

too much fluid, treated with diuretics but can vary on severity- liver, kidney, or heart failure

unknown cause of high BP =

primary hypertension

long term effect of hypertension

remodeling

exophthalmos

bulging eyes

epistaxis

ear, eyes, throat emergency- can be caused by hypertension

antihypertensive is a diuretic that can cause

hypotension and hypokalemia

fluid volume overload from cardiovascular disorder symptoms

JVD, moist crackles, and increased HR

medication with 100% bioavailability

intravenous/ IV

lab findings that indicate an HAI

increased lactic acid

proper indication of a catheter

Strict I/O measurement, healing of open/ sacral wounds, improving comfort for end-of life care, and acute bladder obstruction

stage 1 injury

erythema of skin

stage 2 injury

erythema with partial thickness

stage 3 injury

full thickness with subcutaneous fat

stage 4 injury

full thickness with muscle/bone showing

unstageable injury

covered with slough and eschar, cannot measure depth of wound

slough is

yellow puss

eschar wound is

blackening of skin

components of engaging meaningful conversations

even tone, speaking clear and concise, and open body language

SBAR includes

Suspected Underlying cause, Date/time of admission, admission diagnosis, relevent medical history

communicating with cognitively impaired

quiet environment, patience, and using pictures/drawing

techniques of communication

sequencing, reflection, directing, clarifying, and validatingbx

hydrogel use

prevents skin from breakdown, for high excudate, necrotic tissue

hydrogel purpose

rehydrate and fill dead space

hydrocolloid use

prevent moisture loss, good fir exudative wounds but hydrogel is better

self-adhesive transparent film use

good for superficial wounds

woven gauze use

good to absorb exudate but wouldnt heal

braden scale is used for

pressure injury probability

High Braden score =

low risk

Low Braden score =

high risk

which ulcer is more common

Venous ulcers, especially in elderly

venous ulcer location

above ankle bone laterally or medially

arterial ulcer location

under heal, over toe joints, anterior shin, and over ankle bone

serous exudate

thin, clear, watery

serosanguineous exudate

mixture of thin clear and bloody/ pinkish color

sanguineous exudate

thin, red, and watery

purulent exudate

thick, malodorous, brown/ yellow/ green coloration

Type 1 diabetes patho

kills pancreatic beta cells= no insulin

type 1 diabetes 3 K’s

ketones present, onset= kids, and keep insulin near by

Type 2 diabetes patho

abnormal resistance/ secretion of insulin

Type 2 diabetes A’s

Caused by low Activity/ high bmi, onset= adults, ketones absent, treatment= activity, avoid carbs, and antidiabetics/ insulin

cholesterol levels

“its dangerous to go over 200 mphs”, anything less than 200

PT levels

10-12 “preteens”

aPTT levels

“proper teacher” 30-40

INR levels

< 1.2

calcium levels

9-11, “call 911”

potassium levels

3.5-5, “how many bananas to buy at one time”

potassium levels =

kidney and heart

CNA and UAP duties

tracking I/Os, assisting ADLs, and obtaining vitals

viceral pain =

organ pain

stupor

unstableness/ unconscious

obtunded

less reactive to stimuli, similar to lethargy

low pulse ox symptoms

ALC, cyanosis in fingers, increased respiratory rate

Rhonchi =

low pitched sounds auscultated at respiration

expected breathing patterns in elderly

decreased lung capacity and stiff chest wall

high pitched breathing auscultations

Asthma and COPD

congested heart failure symptoms

pitting edema, crackles in lungs, and rapid weight gain

risk factors for developing venous thromboembolism

post-op hip fracture, obesity, and intermittent claudication( pain in calf)

signs of inflammation

warmth, redness, and tenderness

medications to treat impaired central perfusion

antihypertensives, antiarrhythmics, inotropics, antianginal agents, vasopressors, and vasodialators

inotropic medication

stimulates contraction of heart

impaired local perfusion medications

anticoagulants, thrombolytics, lipid-lowering agents, vasodialators, antiplatelet agents, and platelet inhibitors

cerebral hypoperfusion

brain experiences decrease in blood supply

ischemic stroke

blood clot that clots blood vessel to brain

hemorrhagic stroke

blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into brain

transient ischemic attack

mini stroke/ damage not permanent

embolic stroke is due to

atrial fibrillation, bacterial endocarditis, recent MI, rheumatic heart disease

hemorrhagic stroke most common cause

hypertension

brainstem:

breathing, body temperature, digestion, alertness/sleep, swallowing, “locked in state”

Frontal Lobe:

reasoning, judgement, speaking, voluntary motor activity

Cerebellum:

balance, coordination, voluntary movement, fine muscle control

RESPECT

rapport, empathy, support, partnership, Explanation, Culture competence, and Trust

example of localized, chronic infections

cellulitis

Scope of infections

Bacterial, fungal, viral, parasites

Bacterial Infections

one celled organisms, reproduce independently, cause cellular injury

Viral Infections

immediate or dormant responses, smallest microorganism, antivirals can be given at prodromal stage to shorten effect

Fungal infections

can be multicellular or single cellular, cause disease in immunocompromised individual

Protozoa/ parasitic infections

found in dead material/ water/ food, can cause disease in anyone

Infection depends on:

number or organisms, virulence of organisms, competence of immune system, length of contact

Infections portals of exits

droplet, airborne, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, skin/mucous membrane, body fluids, transplacental, reproductive tract

means of transmission

droplet, airborne, vector-borne, vehicle-borne

Incubation stage

organism is growing and multiplying, length may vary

Prodromal stage

most infectious stage, early signs/symptoms are present but vague/ nonspecific, patient is unaware they are contagious

Acute stage

type of infection determine the length of illness and how severe the symptoms