Bio exam 2

antheridium -male gametangium

archegonium -female gametangium

capsule- case of the sporangium in mosses

charophyte- other term for green algae; considered the closest relative of land plants

club mosses -earliest group of seedless vascular plants

embryophyte -other name for land plant; embryo is protected and nourished by the sporophyte

fern- seedless vascular plant that produces large fronds; the most advanced group of seedless vascular plants

gametangium- structure on the gametophyte in which gametes are produced

heterosporous -produces two types of spores

hornworts- group of non-vascular plants in which stomata appear

horsetail- seedless vascular plant characterized by joints

lignin -complex polymer impermeable to water

liverworts -most primitive group of the non-vascular plants

lycophyte -club moss

megaphyll -larger leaves with a pattern of branching veins

microphyll -small size and simple vascular system with a single unbranched vein

mosses- group of bryophytes in which a primitive conductive system appears

non-vascular plant -plant that lacks vascular tissue, which is formed of specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients

peristome- tissue that surrounds the opening of the capsule and allows periodic release of spores

phloem- tissue responsible for transport of sugars, proteins, and other solutes

protonema -tangle of single celled filaments that forms from the haploid spore

rhizoids -thin filaments that anchor the plant to the substrate

seedless vascular plant -plant that does not produce seeds

seta -stalk that supports the capsule in mosses

streptophytes -group that includes green algae and land plants

strobili- cone like structures that contain the sporangia

tracheophyte- vascular plant

vascular plant -plant containing a network of cells that conducts water and solutes through the organism

vein- bundle of vascular tissue made of xylem and phloem

whisk fern -seedless vascular plant that lost roots and leaves by reduction

xylem -tissue responsible for long-distance transport of water and nutrients

anther sac-like structure at the tip of the stamen in which pollen grains are produced

Anthophyta -phylum to which angiosperms belong

basal angiosperms- group of plants that probably branched off before the separation of monocots and eudicots

carpel -single unit of the pistil

conifer- dominant phylum of gymnosperms with the most variety of trees

corolla- collection of petals

cotyledon -primitive leaf that develop in the zygote; monocots have one cotyledon, and dicots have two cotyledons

cycad -gymnosperm that grows in tropical climates and resembles a palm tree; member of the phylum Cycadophyta

dicot - related group of angiosperms whose embryos possess two cotyledons

filament -thin stalk that links the anther to the base of the flower

flower- branches specialized for reproduction found in some seed-bearing plants, containing either specialized male or female organs or both male and female organs

fruit -thickened tissue derived from ovary wall that protects the embryo after fertilization and facilitates seed dispersal

gingkophyte- gymnosperm with one extant species, the Gingko biloba: a tree with fan-shaped leaves

gnetophyte -gymnosperm shrub with varied morphological features that produces vessel elements in its woody tissues; the phylum includes the genera Ephedra, Gnetum and Welwitschia

gymnosperm -seed plant with naked seeds (seeds exposed on modified leaves or in cones)

herbaceous- grass like plant noticeable by the absence of woody tissue

herbivory -consumption of plants by insects and other animals

integument -layer of sporophyte tissue that surrounds the megasporangium, and later, the embryo

megasporocyte -megaspore mother cell; larger spore that germinates into a female gametophyte in a heterosporous plant

microsporocyte -smaller spore that produces a male gametophyte in a heterosporous plant