oncology overview semester 2 (ALL TESTS)

in which anatomical location are metastatic bone lesions the most common

spine

which pediatric cancer is described as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney

Wilm's Tumor

in which anatomical location are soft tissue sarcomas most common

lower extremity

the majority of retinoblastoma cases are a result of heredity

false

what is the most important prognostic factor for osteosarcoma

presence/absence of metastatic disease

what is the primary bone cancer with the highest incidence in adults

chondrosarcoma

what is the most common site of metastasis from a primary bone cancer

lung

most soft tissue sarcomas spread by way of

direct invasion and extension, hematogenous pathways

the most common presenting symptom of primary bone tumors is

pain

when treating an extremity for STS, it is essential to have a strip of tissue left out of the field near the treatment volume for which of the following reasons

maintain lymphatic flow/function, avoid circumferential fibrosis

when used with radiation therapy, what surgical techniques reduce the loss of anatomic function and improve overall control

limb-sparing surgery

osteoclasts function in bone

reabsorption

T/F giant cell tumors are a primary bone tumor

true

T/F rhabdomyosarcoma are primary bone tumors

false

T/F osteosarcoma is a primary bone tumor

true

T/F ewing sarcoma is a primary bone tumor

true

which of the following is associated with the highest incidence of bone tumors

metastatic bone lesions

the most common type of leukemia diagnosed in children is

ALL

chondro

cartilage

leiomyo

smooth muscle

lipo

adipose tissue

angio

blood vessel

rhabdomyo

striated muscle

the main shaft of a typical long bone is termed

diaphysis

what is the most common primary cancer that leads to bone mets

lung

the craniospinal treatment technique is used to treat cancers with a risk of ______ seeding through which pathway

CSF

most radiosensitive bone tumor

ewing sarcoma

the most common symptom associated with STS is

palpable mass

the inferior border of the spinal field in the craniospinal treatment technique extends to approximately

S2

STS arising in the retroperitoneum have a _ prognosis than those arising in extremities

worse

the diagnostic imaging study of choice for STS detection and diagnosis is

MRI

bone and joint pain are symptoms most typically associated with

ALL

T/F analgesics are a systemic met bone treatment

true

T/F surgeries are a systemic met bone treatment

false

T/F chemotherapy is a systemic met bone treatment

true

T/F radiopharmaceuticals are a systemic met bone treatment

true

T/F radiation therapy is a systemic met bone treatment

false

what radiopharmaceuticals are used to treat metastatic bone tumors; particularly when the patient presents with several metastatic bone tumors at the same time

samarium-153, radium-223, and strontium-89

a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) arising from immature cells in the posterior fossa of the cerebellum, most commonly occurring in children under the age of 10 years

medulloblastoma

T/F high calcium levels in the blood is considered a symptom of multiple myeloma

true

T/F renal failure is considered a symptom of multiple myeloma

true

T/F anemia related fatigue is considered a symptom of multiple myeloma

true

T/F bone damage or fracture is considered a symptom of multiple myeloma

true

sunburst and codman triangle radiographic findings are associated with which primary bone tumor

osteosarcoma

the scheduled shifting of field junctions or skin gaps to disperse setup uncertainties along the volume of the treated area best defines

feathering

sarcoma is defined as a group of malignant tumors which arise form the _ cell lineage

mesoderm

a primary bone tumor of non-osseous origin arising from plasma cells in adults is termed

multiple myeloma

T/F genetic damage is a stochastic effect of irradiation

true

T/F osteoporosis is a stochastic effect of irradiation

false

T/F slipped capitofemoral epiphysis is a stochastic effect of irradiation

false

T/F carcinogenesis is a stochastic effect of irradiation

true

the most common primary, solid malignancy in childhood is

brain tumor

childhood brain tumors are most commonly located infratentorial and are ____ grade

low

total body irradiation used to help prepare the body to receive a bone marrow transplant commonly uses a lower dose rate in an attempt to spare

late responding tissues

the primary treatment option for childhood leukemia is

chemotherapy

the most common primary cancer in childhood is

leukemia

which aggressive pediatric cancer arises from the sympathetic nervous system ganglia, commonly presenting in the abdomen, has an average age of incidence of 17 months

neuroblastoma

support cells of the central nervous system are termed

glial cells

T/F pre-operative radiation therapy for STS permit shrinkage of mass prior to surgery so that surgery may be less aggressive

true

T/F pre-operative radiation therapy for STS afford the pathological evaluation of the entire disease speciment

false

T/F pre-operative radiation therapy for STS have smaller treatment fields, leading to fewer possible side effects

true

T/F pre-operative radiation therapy for STS allows the area of interest to not suffer from surgically induced hypoxia

true

for non extensive unilateral disease, treatment involves chemotherapy local therapies whic hmay include

lasers, cryotherapy, or photocoagulation

T/F decreased blood values is an acute side effect of TBI

true

T/F mucositis is an acute side effect of TBI

true

T/F fatigue is an acute side effect of TBI

true

T/F nausea/vomiting are acute side effects of TBI

true

T/F carcinogenesis is an acute side effect of TBI

false

if sedation is necessary for craniospinal axis irradiation, a supine patient position would be used

true

T/F germinomas are at risk of CSF seeding

true

T/F pineoblastomas are at risk of CSF seeding

true

T/F ependymoma are at risk of CSF seeding

true

T/F medulloblastomas are at risk of CSF seeding

true

irradiation of the brain in pediatric patients has the potential to cause a slight decline in intelligence quotient

true

cell required to be present in a biopsy specimen to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma

reed-sternberg

dose for moist desquamation

40-60 Gy

dose for non-functional sebaceous glands

30 Gy

dose for necrosis

70Gy

dose for erythema

16-30 Gy

B symptoms associated with lymphoma: weight loss

true

B symptoms associated with lymphoma: night sweats

true

B symptoms associated with lymphoma: fever

true

B symptoms associated with lymphoma: diarrhea

false

the type of bone marrow transplant that involves collecting bone marrow from a matched donor

allogeneic

the chemotherapy agent called doxorubicin is known to be toxic to the

heart

what skin cancer treatment technique remove and examines the tumor one layer at a time

mohs surgery

risk factor for non-hodgkin lymphoma: radiation exposure

true

risk factor for non-hodgkin lymphoma: immunosuppression

true

risk factor for non-hodgkin lymphoma: increased age

true

risk factor for non-hodgkin lymphoma: male gender

true

the form of leukemia arising most often in adults which is NOT associated with previous radiation exposure is

CLL

most lymphomas have a T-cell lymphocyte origin

false

blood cell functions to stop bleeding through clotting

thrombocytes

normal range for thrombocyte count is

165000-415000 mm3

food recommended for pelvic irradiation: milk and milk products

false

food recommended for pelvic irradiation: fried foods

false

food recommended for pelvic irradiation: white bread

true

food recommended for pelvic irradiation: baked, broiled, or roasted meat

true

food recommended for pelvic irradiation: peeled apples and bananas

true

which form of lymphoma has a bi-modal peak of incidence with increased at 20-34 years of age and above 55 years of age

hodgkin lymphoma