[APUSH 1] 1800s Combo Vocabulary

Manifest Destiny

19th century belief it was America’s God given destiny to settle the continent of North America (to spread their superior culture)

• Both East to West as well as North to South

  • Ex: “Canada, Canada, Canada” = War Hawk cry in Congress

• Originally people wanted to spread into Mexico and Central America

• Idea doesn’t go away! = Cuba = 90 miles away from coast

John O’Sullivan

American columnist who coined the term “Manifest Destiny”

Trailblazer

Mountain men who created East to West passage routes for western settlement

Overlander

Someone who travels overland to the West

Oregon Trail

trail from Independence, Missouri to the West Coast

• Average trip would take 6 months

• Crossing the Oregon Trail was an ACCOMPLISHMENT!

• You had to time the journey right, otherwise disaster would strike

  • Ex: Donner Party was forced to resort to cannibalism during the harsh winter

Tejano

Native inhabitants of Texas (Spanish speaking)

• The O.G. settlers of Texas

• Not treated well = they are caught in the middle by Texans and Mexicans??

• Hated by both sides

Empresario

American plantation owners who are given land grants by the Mexican government to grow cotton (land agent)

• Mostly in East Texas, as it was a rich cotton growing area

• Rest of Texas not worth much

Texian

An American living in Mexican owned Texas

• Becomes Texan once Texas gained its independence

Stephen F. Austin

1st and most successful empresario

• 1st guy to exploit Texas

• The American Texan Moses

Sam Houston

• Military leader of the Texians

• 1st President of independent Texas nation

Santa Anna

Dictator and military leader of Mexico during the Mexican-American War

• Declares himself dictator of Mexico in 1834 and insisted on enforcing Mexico’s laws in Texas

• Gets exiled to Cuba after Texas gained independence

• Asked to come back by American government to stop the war and uses it to his advantage to take over Mexico

  • Declared himself “Leader for Life”

The Alamo (in modern-day San Antonio)

a Spanish mission/church where a group of Texians make their last stand that becomes a symbol of Texan & American independence

this involved heavy losses for Mexicans although they eventually won and killed almost all survivors

• Classic case of New School (Mexico) v. Old School (Alamo fighters)

• Davy Crockett has Tennessee volunteers

• Colonel William B. Travis has Texan volunteers

• American/Texan group is rugged, experienced fighters (30-40 years old)

• Santa Anna has to draft 17-18 year-old Mexican ranchers

• 13 day siege; 400-600 of 1,500 Mexicans die v. 183 Americans (3 allowed to live)

Battle of San Jacinto River

American victory where Santa Anna agrees to give away Texas for his life

Treaty of Velasco = Texas; Mexican legislature doesn’t accept

• 18min battle

• Americans heavily outnumbered; attack during a “siesta” (aka an afternoon nap)

• Santa Anna essentially has a gun to his head

• Treaty is signed BUT Mexican Congress doesn’t agree = DOESN’T MATTER to Texans!

Lone Star Republic

Texas as an independent country

• U.S. Congress will NOT annex Texas

• The issue of adding another slave state WITHOUT a free state would start too many problems

• Jackson & Van Buren want to add a possible 5 new states from Texas, but cannot at the time

• Threat of war w/ Mexico also was a problem

• Britain wanted control of Texas due to their desire for a cheap source of cotton, but when America annexed Texas, Britain became angry at America and tried to retaliate during the Civil War (cotton diplomacy from the Confederates)

Annexation

President Tyler adds Texas as a state in 1844 before his term ends

• This goes against his personal feelings

• Tyler = a President w/out a party

• Tyler = a WINO (Whig In Name Only) = hates Jackson

  • He is essentially a dying breed = old Republican = states’ rights

• Adds Texas because it is what the people want; although he believes it to be unconstitutional

James K. Polk

Nicknamed “Young Hickory”

• Jackson was “Old Hickory” and Polk was a strong Jackson supporter

Dark Horse” candidate (Democrat)

Strong believer of Manifest Destiny (Texas, Oregon, & California)

• 1844 Democratic nomination split between:

  • Martin Van Buren = against immediate annexation of Texas

  • John C. Calhoun = pro-slavery and pro-annexation

• Democrats choose a dark horse (lesser known candidate) who is committed to expansion and Manifest Destiny; a protégé of JAX; favored the annexation of Texas, the “reoccupation” of Oregon, and the acquisition of California

“Who is James K. Polk?”

Henry Clay’s arrogant Presidential slogan for the 1844 Presidential election

• This was a bad slogan because it got people interested in who Polk really was

• Clay believes he has this election in the bag! (very arrogant)

• HE IS A COMPROMISER! = does not have enough good friends

• Clay was the opposite from Jackson, as he was neither LOVED or HATED

• Greatest American politician to never become President

“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”

Polk’s Presidential slogan to gain the entire Oregon Territory from the British, and was also the Manifest Destiny slogan

• 54-40 was the parallel between the Oregon Territory and Russian Alaska

Oregon Treaty (1846)

Cut Oregon Territory in half between the US and Britain at the 49th parallel

• Changes the Treaty of 1818 (signed by John Quincy Adams) which gave joint control of the territory

Nueces River

What Mexico claimed is the southern border of Texas

Quotes from Polk: "shed American blood upon the American soil" and "American blood has been shed on American soil"

• The Nueces and Rio Grande rivers are at the heart of the border dispute between the U.S. & Mexico.

• Everyone asked the question, “What is the southern border of Texas?”

• Lincoln was a Freshman Congressman from Illinois that protested the war since he doubted that American blood was been shed on American soil

  • This is the reason he is a single term representative

Rio Grande River

What the US claimed is the southern border of Texas

Quotes from Polk: "shed American blood upon the American soil" and "American blood has been shed on American soil"

• The Nueces and Rio Grande rivers are at the heart of the border dispute between the U.S. & Mexico.

• Everyone asked the question, “What is the southern border of Texas?”

• Lincoln was a Freshman Congressman from Illinois that protested the war since he doubted that American blood was been shed on American soil

  • This is the reason he is a single term representative

Stephen Kearny

“Long March” from New Mexico to coast of southern California

Cuts off American part of Mexican territory

• After this Mexico City cannot administer that part of the territory

• Not enough Mexican supporters in the area; it is basically populated by Indians who hate both sides

John C. Fremont

Captured northern California and declares it the Bear Flag Republic

Bear Flag Republic

Independent northern California country after the overthrow of Mexican authority

• California waswaiting for the war to end, since once the war was over, the Bear Flag Republic would be annexed IMMEDIATELY

• California knows this fate; they will NOT have to wait like Texas did

Winfield Scott

"Old Fuss and Feathers"; American war general who captured Mexico City

• He had victories at Vera Cruz and captures Mexico City (Sept. 1847)

Zachary Taylor

“Old Rough and Ready”; American war general who led an attack on northern Mexico

• Had a major victory at Buena Vista (Feb. 1847)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ends of Mexican-American war signed by Nicholas Trist

Texas southern border = Rio Grande River

US gets the Southwest and West for $15 million (California & New Mexico)

• America pays $ to the Mexican Congress to avoid a guerilla war

• Mexican Congress OFFICIALLY declares the territory US property and gives up all claims

• Tells Mexican inhabitants to leave or they become American, which loses the reason for Mexicans to continue fighting on

Mexican Cession

Land that the U.S. gained from the Mexican-American War treaty (former Mexican territories of California and New Mexico)

Gold Rush

Men seeking fortune mining gold in California during 1849 (49ers)

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

The US purchases a tract of land in the Southwest from the Mexican government for $10 million to build the railroad

• Signed under Franklin Pierce’s presidency

• This small amount of land is needed because it is flat and populated

• The railroad connects cities/people = it cannot be in the middle of nowhere

• The railroad connects cities/people, so it cannot be in the middle of nowhere. Railroads are NOT straight lines, as they avoid natural land barriers and go to places where people are located.

Wilmot Proviso

Introduced to Congress in 1846, stating that slavery should not be allowed in any territory acquired from Mexico

Never passed, but provided a well-defined proposal that allowed the free-soil forces to attract thousands of followers

Compromise of 1850

Proposed by Henry Clay

1. California = Free State

2. Remainder of Mexican Cession divided into 2 territories = Utah & New Mexico; settlers in these territories decide slavery on majority vote (popular sovereignty)

3. No slave trade in Washington D.C, but slave holding is OK

4. Strong Fugitive Slave Law

• This was where the last great speeches by Clay, Webster, and Calhoun on the Senate floor happened

John Marshall

Man who made the court supreme; one of the most powerful Chief Justices over 30 years (34yrs)

• Federalist Supreme Court Chief Justice who ruled on Marbury v. Madison.

• Cousin of TJ (also from VA)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Establishes principle of Judicial Review

Part of Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional (Secretary of State giving writs to federal judges)

• Supreme Court case that says it is unconstitutional to court pack (expanding number of Justices on the Supreme Court); Secretary of State can appoint judges or not

• A clause granting the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus outside its original jurisdiction was declared unconstitutional by Marbury v. Madison (1803) (5 U.S. 137), one of the seminal cases in American law.

• The Supreme Court held that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because it purported to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution.

• In Marbury, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution, and that it is the role of the judicial system to interpret what the Constitution permits. Thus, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was the first act of Congress to be partially invalidated by the Supreme Court.

Judicial Review

Court has the ability to declare laws constitutional or not

• Power to decide whether an act of Congress or President was or was not allowed by the Constitution

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Thomas Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon/France for 15 mil (4 cents an acre)

• Originally tried to gain New Orleans and small tract of land for $10mill

• TJ wanted to keep the US** out of foreign affairs and away from borders

• New Orleans goes back to France in secret treaty; cut off to Americans

• Napoleon tries to cash out of the New World

• Napoleon’s army of 20,000 failed due to Yellow Fever at Hispanola (modern-day Haiti), so he abandoned his ambitions in the New World to make a French Empire and sold this territory because he was desperate for money

Lewis & Clark (1804-1806)

Led expedition to map & explore the Louisiana Territory

• $2,500 given to Lewis & Clark

• 40 men accompanied Lewis & Clark

• They brought back scientific samples (plants, animals, minerals, fossils, etc.)

• Sacagawea was their guide

Aaron Burr

Vice President under Thomas Jefferson who dueled and killed Hamilton, and tried to plot a US takeover

• Duel happens in Weehawken, NJ

Impressment

When Britain kidnaps American sailors and force them into military service

• French would only take cargo

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

Refers to the event when a British ship attacked and captured an American vessel

• 3 dead Americans, 4 impressed

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who held American cargo/people for ransom

• Tripoli Pirates were a sub-section of the more general “Barbary Pirates” that hailed from Tripoli, and were involved in the First Barbary War with the US

Embargo Act (1807)

Stop on international trade to avoid impressment

• Disastrous effect on U.S. economy (especially New England merchants and shipbuilders)

• Movement developed in New England states to secede from Union

• Britain easily got goods from South American to substitute for US products

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Trading with every country but Britain and France

• Passed under Madison; he revoked the Embargo Act

Macon’s Bill #2

The 1st country that would recognize U.S. neutrality between Britain & France, we would trade with, and the other we would shut off

• Napoleon (France) agrees; but turns back on his word

War Hawks

Young members of Congress who want war v. Britain

• Older members of Congress didn’t want war (remembered the Rev. War)

• Mostly from frontier states (Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee)

• Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

“Canada, Canada, Canada”

War Hawk’s cry to the War of 1812

Tecumseh

Indian leader who sides with British in War of 1812

• Fought the US in a war before the War of 1812 in Tecumseh’s War

• Tecumseh dies at the Battle of the Thames (1814) during War of 1812

William Henry Harrison

General who defeats Tecumseh’s confederacy and runs the northern part of the War of 1812

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

General Harrison’s battle where he defeats Tecumseh’s confederacy and The Prophet

• Defeats The Prophet (Tenskwatawa) = he is Tecumseh’s brother

• The Prophet attacks with a sneak attack and loses

• Tecumseh was not there, he was on a recruiting mission

• This battle ends Tecumseh’s War

• William Henry Harrison is the governor of Indiana Territory at the time

War of 1812

Stalemate war between U.S. & Britain over national sovereignty, territory, & trade

Oliver “Hazard” Hayward Perry

Naval commander who defeats the British at Lake Erie

• Allows William Henry Harrison to prepare for the Battle of the Thames

• Another victory on Lake Champlain by naval captain Thomas Macdonough forces the British to retreat and not invade New York and New England

Battle of the Thames

Battle where Tecumseh is killed
(William Henry Harrison victory)

Francis Scott Key

Writer of the Star Spangled Banner during the siege of Baltimore

Hartford Convention

Federalist convention to determine the future of their party where they discuss secession

Andrew Jackson

General who wins at the Battle of New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Treaty that ends the War of 1812 before the Battle of New Orleans

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Last battle of the War of 1812 that makes Jackson a national hero

• Gives Jackson a platform for presidency

Nationalism

Birth of American pride; 1st time we see ourselves equal to Europe

• Ex: US is like a Freshman after the Revolutionary War (new on scene, don’t know much), but AFTER the War of 1812, they feel like Seniors (big dogs on campus)

• US doesn’t need Europe to manufacturer goods anymore (they’re doing it themselves)

Era of Good Feelings

Time of prosperity, nationalism, and 1 political party rule (Democratic-Republican)

• Federalist Party loses influence after War of 1812

Washington Irving & James Cooper

American Nationalist writers that gives America a sense of identity

• Irving is known for “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”

• Cooper is known for “The Last of the Mohicans”

American System

Proposed by Henry Clay to include 3 things: Protective Tariffs, the National Bank, and Internal Improvements

• Protective Tariffs: promotes American manufacturing and raises revenue

  • Benefits the East

• National Bank: keep the system running smoothly by providing a national currency

  • Benefits economies of all

• Internal Improvements: build a national transportation system of federally constructed roads & canals

  • Benefits growth in West & South

• The Constitution never allows you to allocate $ for roads/canals

• Monroe continuously vetoed acts of Congress for funding since states usually made their own improvements

• Return to Federalism (Federalist ideas: strong national gov’t / national bank)

• The East & West supported the American System, but the South despised it, because they asked why should a Georgian or South Carolinian taxes go to a canal being built in NY

• Argument from Old Republicans that HATED the American System was because they believed it was signing away their souls and was against Jefferson’s principles

• Argument from supporters was that America needed to modernize & grow

Internal Improvements

Building of roads & canals throughout country; paid by federal government

• Includes National Road from MD-ILL) (***Erie Canal***)

Second Bank of the US

Rechartered in 1816; set up common currency; hated by “old” Republicans

• Passed by Madison & supported by Monroe

• Support & financing $ for War of 1812 was difficult

Market Revolution

Industrial explosion of trades & crafts and was the beginning of mass production in America

• People began to rely on strangers for goods & services

• Old Way = all done in town or the area

Results

• Economy is impersonal

• Country is now linked (impossible without canals & roads)

Panic of 1819

2nd B.U.S. tightened credit and failed to control inflation

This led to state banks closing, the value of $ deflating, large increases of unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment over debt

The West was hit the hardest since speculators placed many people in debt

The B.U.S. foreclosed large amounts of western farmland

The West had changed many political views since they wanted land reform and were in opposition to the B.U.S. and debtors’ prison

Henry Clay

1. Kentucky politician

2. Speaker of the House

3. Known as the “Great Compromiser”

4. Proposed the American System & Missouri Compromise

• Always in the middle and had a lot of friends, but no “best friends” to put him over the hump

• The most important politician in U.S. history who DOES NOT become president

  • Very close to Hamilton’s principles

• “New” Republicans kept the B.U.S, believed in a large army & navy, and were very close to Federalists ideas

John C. Calhoun

1. S.C. politician

2. Known as the “Great Nullifier”

3. Supported States rights

4. Flip-flop politician

• Originally was FOR the American System; later backtracks and goes against it

• Originally was a War Hawk and Nationalist, THEN became a leading champion of states’ rights

• Vice President to John Quincy Adams AND Jackson (complete different thinking politicians)

  • Basically told Jackson his state would not follow all National laws

  • Complete 180 degree turn in politics in a short time span

• Jackson quoted: "My only two regrets in life are that I did not hang Calhoun and shoot Clay"

• Clay’s “Corrupt Bargain” with JQA & Calhoun almost secede South Carolina in the Nullification Crisis

Daniel Webster

Nationalist Massachusetts Senator that was known as the “Great Orator”

• Supported the American System & Monroe Doctrine

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Contracts are sacred; state can’t void contracts, even illegal ones

1st time a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid (Marbury v. Madison = federal law)

• Establishes principle that the government cannot legislate its way out of a contract

• Government cannot pass laws to nullify a contract

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Protected the rights of business interests & upholds private property rights

• Dartmouth College wanted to go from privately charted college to a public institution

• Dartmouth stays private

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

“Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy”
-John Marshall

Maryland cannot tax the National Bank out of existence due to National Supremacy

• Maryland passes law that taxes any currency that isn’t a Maryland Bank

• John Marshall quote & Federal Law always over State Law

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Supreme Court can review a state court’s decision involving any powers of the federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden (1821, decided in 1824)

Greatly expands the Commerce Clause and gives the gov’t the right to regulate ANY trade between states

• Q: Is a ferry between Weehawken N.J. and NYC considered interstate commerce?

• Q: What currently is distributed between states lines?
  A: Radio / TV

• Only thing that isn’t is MLB = no profit sharing AND no salary caps

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Proposed by Henry Clay

1. 2 states enter into the Union at a time (1 free & 1 slave)

2. Maine would be as a free state & Missouri would be a slave state

3. Anything north of 36°30′ = Free;
   Anything south of 36°30′ = Slave
   (for Louisiana Territory)

4. (36°30′) = Missouri’s southern border

5. All previous states are unaffected

• Q: What to do with all the new territory acquired from the Louisiana Purchase?

• This was the 1st time there was a distinction on slave territory and was set to be a permanent solution to slavery (didn’t work)

• Lincoln - “A house divided against itself cannot stand”

1st Seminole War (1816-1818)

1. War by Jackson which gives the US control of Western Florida after a series of border attacks

2. Spain agrees to give up Eastern Florida

• The US claimed slaves were escaping to Florida, using Spanish protection, and raiding villages across the border

• Jackson walks into Florida & takes it w/out Monroe’s permission

• John Quincy Adams convinces Monroe it was necessary

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
(Florida Purchase Treaty / Transcontinental Treaty)

Spain gets $5 million from U.S. for all of Florida & its claims to Oregon Territory

US gives up territorial claims of Texas to Spain

John Quincy Adams (JQA)

Secretary of State under Monroe who

1. Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817

• U.S. & Canada fixed order at the 49th parallel & disarmament of Great Lakes

2. Convention of 1818

• Share Oregon Territory with Britain at the 54th parallel for 10 years) ((takes 20))

3. Adams-Onis treaty (1819)

• Also called the Transcontinental Treaty

4. Writer of the Monroe Doctrine

5. Wins the Election of 1824 to become the 6th president, which was known as the “Corrupt Bargain” election

Monroe Doctrine

1. Written by JQA

2. first real American foreign policy

3. ends colonization in Western Hemisphere

• Warning to Europe that they can’t colonize anymore, but if Europe was already there, then that is OK

• Europe returned to monarchies (France, Prussia, Austria) and old monarchies (Russia)

• The US considered helping Spain return to power in South America

• Britain wanted co-stance with America, but JQA convinces Monroe to do it alone

• Britain annoyed because the doctrine applies to them as well

• Other countries back down on colonization because the British navy would maintain the American policy

Ex: Roosevelt Corollary—U.S. has the right to intervene in any South American country

Ex: Bush Doctrine—hunt down terrorist and any nation who harbors them

Corrupt Bargain

an illegal agreement between politicians

4 men run for Pres:

1. William Crawford

2. John Quincy Adams (Monroe’s Secretary of State)

3. Andrew Jackson

4. Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)

Crawford died shortly after the popular vote, leaving 3 candidates left

Jacksons wins the popular vote but doesn’t get a majority in electoral votes so the votes go to the House of Reps

Clay makes deal with JQA and throws support behind JQA if Clay can be Secretary of State

• Clay’s votes go to JQA if he makes Clay his Secretary of State

Jackson says this was illegal = Corrupt Bargain

JQA has a doomed presidency from the start

Caucus

closed-door meeting of a political party in Congress or State Legislature to nominate a president

Replaced by nominated conventions (1830s) = more democratic

• Iowa: chose delegates from their 99 counties who then choose their representative

• By 1832, only South Carolina still used the Caucus method

Mudslinging

Attempting to ruin someone’s reputation w/ public insults

• JQA’s wife born out of wedlock

• Jackson’s wife is an adulterer (she dies before he becomes President)

• Election of 1828 more about insults than politics

Spoils System (Patronage)
Election of 1828

Giving government jobs in return for party loyalty (usually friends/supporters)

• JAX famous for it during his Presidency

• Creates a rotation of office so everybody has a “fair chance”

• Job qualifications were irrelevant

• Jackson would split up jobs to have each “friend” serve a term then get switched with another

• “No man has any more intrinsic claim to office than another”

• Jackson did not like experts and believed the common man could hold office = democratic

Andrew Jackson

Nicknamed “Old Hickory”

Self-made man and living legend who became a symbol of the “Common Man” and promoted the expansion of democracy

• Believed in Jeffersonian ideals; opposed increasing federal spending & the national debt

• Vetoes more bills in his presidency than the previous 6 presidents combined

• 1st President to be born west of Appalachians

• 1st President since Washington to NOT have a college education

Kitchen Cabinet

Pres. Jackson’s group of informal advisors that he trusted over his cabinet due to the Peggy Eaton / Petticoat Affair

• Calhoun’s wife and Jackson’s cabinet advisors did not accept

• Jackson's personal animosity for Calhoun seems to have been inflamed by Mrs. Calhoun's treatment of Peggy O’Neale Eaton, wife of Jackson's Secretary of War, John Eaton.

• Mrs. Calhoun and other wives and daughters of several cabinet officers refused to attend social gatherings and state dinners to which Mrs. Eaton had been invited because they considered her of a lower social station and gossiped about her private life. As Jackson reminded of how rudely his own wife Rachel was treated, he defended Mrs. Eaton.

• Most of Jackson’s Cabinet resigned when Jackson tried to force them to socially accept Peggy

• Calhoun resigns 1 year later

• Martin Van Buren (NY) remains loyal to JAX during crisis, and was his new Vice President after Calhoun

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Forced relocation of Indians from States east of the Mississippi River to West

• Most Americans were land-hungry (thinking of the day) (majority of politicians agreed)

• Jackson thought most humane way to get Indians off the land was to compel them to leave their homelands and resettle

• By 1835, most tribes moved

• Bureau of Indian Affairs (1836) was created to help resettlement

Cherokee Nations v. Georgia (1831)

Cherokees are NOT a foreign nation and have the right to sue in federal court

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of Cherokee territory, meaning they DO NOT have to leave

• Jackson sides with STATE courts

• “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”
  -Andrew Jackson

Trail of Tears (1838)

Refers to when the Cherokees forcibly left Georgia to Oklahoma

• Under Van Buren’s presidency

• 4,000 of 15,000 die

Secede

Withdraw from the Union

• Q: Is it Legal?

• A: No! States voluntarily signed Constitution, meaning they recognized “National Supremacy Clause”

Nullification

The theory that States have the right to declare a federal law invalid

Created by John C. Calhoun due to the Tariff of 1828 (aka the Tariff of Abominations)

• This goes back to the VA/KY Resolutions!

• Jackson did not like this but his Democratic supporters passed it under JQA to show New Englanders they were willing to uphold some principles

• 1830 Daniel Webster (Mass) debates Robert Hayne (S.C.)

  • Webster stated that no state could defy or leave the Union

• JAX makes a toast at a political dinner “Our federal Union, it must be preserved”

• Calhoun replies immediately “The Union, next to our liberties, most dear!”

• Calhoun nullifies both Tariff of 1828 and 1832

Force Bill

Jackson tells Calhoun/South Carolina he will bring in the military to enforce any federal law

• Jackson issues a Proclamation to the People of South Carolina stating that nullification and disunion were treason

• A new compromise tariff was created (by Henry Clay) which lowered the tariff

• This was used again during the Civil Rights Movement to desegregate Little Rock High School, Arkansas “Little Rock 9” after Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned in Brown v. BoE of Topeka during Eisenhower’s Term

King Andrew

Critics nickname for Andrew Jackson because of the way Jackson used Federal authority

• Jackson wanted a small, limited, but POWERFUL gov’t

• Vetoed more bills then the last 6 presidents combined

Whigs

Political party started to oppose Jackson (favored Clay’s American System)

• Name of the party in England to oppose the King

• Only had 1 universal principle, which was hating Jackson (other than that, the party was very different and split)

“Pet Banks”

After JAX destroys the National Bank, $ is distributed to various State Banks, which were called this by critics

Panic of 1837

Depression caused as a result of banknotes losing value, speculation of western lands, inflated goods, and closing of banks

• Jackson’s presidential order for Specie Circular required all future purchase of federal land to be made in specie rather than banknotes

• Caused banknotes to lose their value and land sales to plummet

• Panic happened under Van Buren’s presidency

“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign of 1840

• “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” was the Whig campaign slogan of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler

• Put log cabins on wheels & handed out: hard ciders, pins, and hats to votes

• Shows William Henry Harrison’s modest beginnings

• Attacks “Martin Van Ruin” as an aristocrat who liked foreign wines

William Henry Harrison

Former governor, war hero, and Whig President who dies after 32 days in office due to pneumonia

John Tyler

Nicknamed “His Accidency”

• Virginian politician and former states’ rights Democrat who joined the Whigs

• W.I.N.O. (Whig In Name Only), and vetoed Whigs’ laws (national bank)

• Became President when William Henry Harrison died

  • 1st Vice President to become President

• Favored southern and expansionist Democrats during his term (1841-1845)

Nativism

Hostility towards immigrants

Know-Nothings (American Party)

Nativist Anti-Immigrant (Anti-Irish Catholic) political party