Biol 371- Immunity (Innate and Adaptive)

Quiz 3

immunology definition:

the study of defense mechanisms against a pathogen

immunity definition:

the state of being protected

innate immunity definition:

the branch of immunity which is nonspecific and is the first line of defense

adaptive immunity definition:

the branch of immunity which has memory

antigen definition:

something which stimulated an adaptive response and is not self-tissue

normal flora definition:

the microbes which live on our skin and compete with pathogens for space and nutrients

stem cell definition:

undifferentiated cells which are produced in the bone marrow

hematopoiesis definition:

the process of making stem cells when activated by colony stimulation factors

classes of innate defenses:

1. Physical barriers

2. Antimicrobial substances

3. Normal flora

Examples of Physical Barriers:

1. Stratified Epithelial Cells

2. Ciliated Columnar Epithelial Cells

3. Goblet Cells

4. Flushing

5. Peristalsis

Antimicrobial Substances:

1. Lysozyme

2. Lactoferrin/Ferritin/Transferrin

3. Fatty Acids

4. Acidic Environments

Function of Lysozyme:

breaks B-1,4 glycosidic bond between NAM-NAG linkages

Function of Lactoferrin:

siderophores which bind tightly to iron

Function of Fatty Acids:

oil secretions prevent fungal pathogen growth

Function of Acidic Environments:

denatures proteins

Leukocytes are _____

White Blood Cells

Erythrocytes are ____

Red Blood Cells

Examples of Granulocytes:

1. eosinophils

2. basophils

3. neutrophils

Examples of Agranulocytes:

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

Function of Neutrophils:

primary phagocytes

Function of Eosinophils:

inflammation

Function of Basophils:

connected to allergic reactions

Function of Monocytes:

circulating phagocytes

Function of Macrophages:

tissue associated phagocytes

Function of dendritic cells:

phagocytes and antigen presenting cells

Function of Lymphocytes:

produces NK cells, B cells, and T cells for adaptive immunity

Types of cytokines:

1. Chemokines

2. Colony Stimulation Factors

3. Interferons

4. Interleukins

5. Tumor Necrosis Factors

Function of Chemokines:

induce movement/chemotaxis

Function of Colony Stimulation Factors:

promote hematopoiesis and differentiation

Function of Interferons:

antiviral communication molecules which induce fever and promote inflammation

Function of Interleukins:

bound to receptors on other leukocytes

Function of Tumor Necrosis Factor:

induce inflammation and apoptosis

Function of Toll-like Receptors:

recognize PAMPS and DAMPS from the outside of the cell

Ways to activate the compliment pathway:

1. Classical 

2. Lectin

3. Alternative

What activates the classical compliment pathway?

antigen-antibody complexes

What activates the lectin compliment pathway?

mannose binding protein binding to mannose

What activates the alternative compliment pathway?

C3b binding to cell surfaces

Outcomes of the compliment system activation:

1. Inflammation

2. Opsonization

3. Cell Lysis

C3b function:

opsonin

C3a and C5a function:

chemokine

C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 function:

forms the membrane attack complex

Stages of Phagocytosis:

1. Attachment of Pathogen to Phagocyte

2. Endocytosis and Opsonization

3. Capturing of Pathogen into Phagosome

4. Fusion of Lysosome and Phagosome

5. Degradation of Pathogen

6. Removal of Wastes through Exocytosis

Signs of Inflammation:

1. Redness

2. Swelling

3. Heat

4. Pain

Constrictor cytokines:

angiote and epinephrine

Dilator cytokines:

bradykinin and nitric oxide

Chronic Inflammation is associated with which phagocyte dominance?

macrophages

Function of a Fever:

1. Inhibits pathogen growth

2. Speeds up the immune response

Branches of Adaptive Immunity:

1. Humoral

2. Cell Mediated

Immunogen definition:

something which stimulates an immune response

epitope/ antigen determination site definition:

a portion of a molecule which stimulates an immune response

Best antigen:

proteins

Worst antigens:

Lipids and Nucleic Acids

IgG Function:

Most common antibody which can do all functions of antibodies

IgM Function:

The first antibody produced, binds to 10 antigens, is a B cell antigen receptor

IgA Function:

Secreted into bodily secretions to protect against pathogens which enter the body near the mucus membranes

IgD Function:

a B cell receptor

IgE Function:

protects against large pathogens like tapeworms and bind to mast cells or basophils to induce an allergic reaction

B cells use IgM and IgD to bind to _________ antigens

exogenous

MHC 1 molecules present _______ antigens:

endogenous

MHC 2 molecules, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells present ______ antigens

exogenous

immunosurveillance:

the use of T cells to determine if a presented antigen is self or non self