Humanities Art

Module 01 & 02 Study Guide

The interplay between the _____ and ______ of art provide a language with which to discuss and analyze works of art.

principles, elements

The principles of art include:

movement, unity, rhythm, variety, balance, contrast, proportion, and pattern.

The elements of art include:

line, space, texture, color, shape, form, and value.

______ is the study of art by analyzing and comparing form and style-the way objects are made and their purely visual aspects.

formalism

____________ is the characteristics, key events, and situations which compose the essentials of human existence, such as birth, growth, emotionality, aspiration, conflict, and mortality.

The Human Condition

_______ is visual art created principally for its aesthetic value.

Fine Art

_____ is the feel or shape of a surface or substance; the smoothness, roughness, softness, etc. of something

texture

________ is a method of shadowing shading by means of multiple small lines that intersect.

crosshatching

_____ is a path through two or more points.

line

The definition of “prehistoric” generally means _______.

before the written word

Paleolithic cave paintings, such as those found in the Hall of the Bulls, are characterized by images/scenes of _______.

animals

Two types of Paleolithic art are ______ and portable.

permanent

When referring to the images of animals, “twisted perspective” is when the animal is depicted in a ________________ viewpoint.

frontal and profile

Stonehedge is part of the _______ period.

Neolithic

One of the earliest fortified cities in the Neolithic period was _______.

Jericho

Catalhoyuk, across its history, witnesses the transition from exclusively hunting and gathering subsistence to increasing skill in plant and animal ________.

domestication

Stonehenge was created in ____ stages.

three

Monuments from the Neolithic period in Western Europe, such as Stonehenge, are characterized by _______________.

megalithic architecture

Monumental architecture is powerful human-made ________.

topography

The use of bronze allowed the beginnings of urban civilization, metal tools, government, and _________.

proto-writing

Theocratic society was ruled by the _________.

Priest Kings

Some of the earliest complex urban centers can be found in Mesopotamia between the _____ and _____ rivers.

Tigris, Euphrates

Earliest known writing emerged in Southern Mesopotamia around 3400 BC called ________.

cuneiform

Head of an Akkadian Ruler was made using the lost wax technique. In this casting process, the materials ____, was, and bronze are used.

clay

Victory Stele of Naram-Sin represents a victory over the ______ Mountain People.

Lullubi

After 612 BCE, Babylonian kings Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II were able to claim much of the Assyrian empire and rebuilt _____ on a grand scale.

Babylon

The _________ of Hammurabi is inscribed into the stele of Hammurabi.

laws and codes

The ______ was the most elaborate of the inner-city gates constructed in Babylon in antiquity.

Ishtar

The ______ empire dominated Mesopotamia and all of the Near East for the first half of the first millennium BCE.

Assyrian

The Palette of King Narmer portrays the ______.

unification of upper and lower Egypt

The face of the Sphinx believed to be the face of Pharaoh ______.

Khafre(a)

The Early Egyptian Dynasty created a very sophisticated culture built upon farming and trade, relying on the supportive environment of the vast Nike River basin.

True

King Djoser’s Step Pyramid and Funerary Complex were designed by ______.

Imhotep

The temple at Karnak was an enormous, open-aired religious site, constructed over 1500 years by many pharaohs, and dedicated to the supreme deity ___.

Amun

The Amarna style of art is associated with the pharaoh ____.

Akhenaten

The temple of Hatshepsut was designed by ____.

Senenmut

The name Akhenaten means _____.

aten is pleased

Akhenaten upsets the entire priesthood of Egypt, by making him and his wife the only ones with access to this new god, Aten.

True

in the kneeling statue of Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut’s status, as pharaoh is indicated by the figure __________.

dressing as a female with a false beard

The purpose of pyramids was to _____________________.

house the mummified body of the pharaoh for the afterlife

Egyptian art – with the exception of the Amarna period – Can be described as _________.

conservative and formulative

Akhenaten’s mother was _____.

Queen Tiye

During the early 20th century, Howard Carter, a British Egyptologist, excavated for many years in the Valley of the Kings – a royal burial ground located on the west bank of the ancient city of Thebes. He discovered the tomb of _____.

King Tut

The Egyptian book of the dead, such as the Weighing of the Heart and Judgement of Osiris, was associated with the ___ Kingdom.

New

This period, characterized by monotheism and a radically different artistic style, occurred during the new kingdom, but it is so distinctive it has its own name: the _____.

Armana

Temples in Egypt were connected to the idea of zep tepi, which translates to “____________.”

the first time or the beginning creation

Female sphinxes appeared during the __________ emphasizing a new connection between royal women in the fiercely protective role of the sun gods daughter, the Eye of Ra.

Middle Kingdom

Hathor was worshiped in the pyramid temple complexes along with the supreme sun god, Ra, and the god Horus, who was represented by the living king.

True

Mummification began during the ____ Kingdom.

Old

________ art is best known for its small-scale, marble figures.

Cycladic

The excavator of the palace complex at Knossos was __________.

Sir Authur Evans

Cycladic figures are based in simple ________ shapes.

geometric

Evan’s restorations of Knossos accurately reflected the palace and the time period.

false

Mycenaean culture can be summarized by its _________________.

architectural innovations

Mycenae masonry is called ________ masonry.

cyclopean

The Mycenaeans also relied on new techniques of building to create supportive archways and vaults. An example of this would be the __________.

corbeled arch

The megaron was a ______________.

large rectangular hall

This composition of lions or another feline animal flanking a single object is known as a ____________.

heraldic composition

The Lion Gate was the principle entrance into _________.

Mycenae

The lions represent cultural influences from the ___________.

ancient near east

The ________ are a chain of Greek islands in the middle of the Aegean Sea. They encircle the island of Delos.

Cyclades

Cycladic Female Figures with their flat back and inability to stand on their carved feet suggest that these figures were made to __________.

be portable

The Minoan civilization was named after the mythical King Minos, because the first excavator who discovered this mistook the many rooms and corridors of the administrative palace of Knossos to be the labyrinth in which Minos kept the Minotaur.

True

A maze, especially undergound or covered, is called a ________.

labyrinth

The Snake Goddess is believed to be a _______________.

goddess or priestess

The Marine style emerged during the late _______ period.

Minoan

The walls of ________ citadel sites were often built with ashlar and massive stone blocks.

Mycenaen

Repousse death masks were found in many tombs. The death masks were created from thin sheets of gold, through a careful method of metalworking to create a high relief.

True

________ jars, mainly used for storing liquids such as oil and wine, could have been economically valuable in Mycenaean households.

Stirrup

An ________ is a two-handled jar with a narrow neck that was used in ancient times to store or carry oils.

amphora

The _________ period marked the end of Greece’s Dark Age and lasted from 900

to 700 BCE

Geometric

Monumental kraters and amphorae were made and decorated as ___________ markers. These vessels are characteristic of Geometric vase painting during this period.

grave

_______ is a style of antique Greek vase painting where the figures are painted onto the pot with a slip that, when fired, turns black. The outlines and details of the figures are incised before firing. Additional red and white pigments may also be added to the pot.

Black-figure painting

A _______ is the level of a temple platform on which its columns stand.

stylobate

The _________ was the battle fought between the Titans and the Olympian gods for supremacy of the cosmos.

titantomachy

The standard form of a Greek temple was established and then refined through the Archaic and _______ period.

classical

The torso of Kritios Boy depicts an understanding of the body and plasticity of the muscles and skin which allows the statue to come to life. Part of this illusion is created by a stance known as ____________.

contrapposto

______ Classical bronze sculptures are created using the lost wax method of casting.

Early

It was immediately following the _______ war that the Athenian general and statesman Pericles funded an extensive building program on the Athenian Acropolis.

Persian

Two of the most distinctive forms of free-standing sculpture to emerge during the Archaic period of Greek art (about 6-00-480 B.C.) were statues of youths (______) and maidens (korai).

kouroi

Archaic korai (kore) are always ____________.

depicted clothed

The Great Altar of Zeus from Pergamon expressions of agony and a confused mass of limbs convey a newfound interest in drama.

True

Many classical works of Greek art highlight tales from _____________.

greek mythology

The Geometric style seen on the Dipylon Vase is characterized by ___________. 

a geometric framework

The most well-known feature of Greek theaters is the _______.

seating

The Greeks typically created free-standing sculptures using clay.

False

The architects of the Parthenon were _____________ and ____________.

Iktinos, Kallikrates

The theatre at Pergamon could seat _______ people and was one of the steepest theaters in the ancient world.

10,000

Drama and pathos are new factors in Hellenistic sculpture. The style of the sculpting is no longer idealized. Rather, they are often exaggerated, and details are emphasized to add a new, heightened level of motion and pathos.

True

Using something called multi-illumination hyperspectral extraction (MHX), scientists have recently been able to reveal not only faded colors used in Etruscan frescoes and murals, but even long-hidden figures.

True

Hundreds of years after the Etruscans had been conquered by the Romans and absorbed into their empire, the Romans still maintained an Etruscan priesthood in the city of ______.

Rome

Labels “mysterious” or “enigmatic” are often attached to the Etruscans since none of their own ________ or _______ survives.

histories, literature

We even derive our very common word “_______” from the Etruscan mythological figure Phersu.

person

Unlike with the Greeks, however, the majority of our knowledge about Etruscan art comes largely from their _______.

burials

The Etruscan culture provides a bridge between ______ and _______ cultures.

Greek, Roman

The iconographic motifs of griffins and lions of the parade fibula speaks to the influence of the ancient Near East and possibly even to manufacture by artisans from Syro-Palestine.

True

Early Etruscans created ______ spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with boundaries carefully marked through ceremony.

ritual

Fortunately, an ancient Roman architect by the name of Vitruvius wrote about Etruscan temples in his book ____________ in the late first century BCE.

De architectura

The statue of Apulu (Apollo) from Veii was originally located ___________ of the temple.

on the roof

The Sarcophagus of the Spouses is an anthropoid—meaning it is _______________.

human-shaped