THE ULTIMATE A&P FLASHCARD SET

this thing is brp

_____ are harmful microscopic enemies that can cause disease

pathogens

what are leukocytes?

white blood cells (WBCs)

lymphocytes are special types of leukocytes that concentrate in _____ tissue

lymphatic

what are some examples of lymphocytes?

B and T cells

what are the two types of immune responses?

innate and adaptive

the _____ immune system is a **quick**, **nonspecific** immune response

innate

a human's outer barriers to infection (such as skin) are the **first layer** of _____ immunity

innate

what are some of the **outer barriers** which are a part of **innate** immunity?

thick epidermis; dermis; hypodermis (subcutaneous); mucus membranes; sebaceous glands

**mucus membranes** in the skin function to secrete _____ and trap pathogens

lysozyme

how do lysozymes function?

they **nonspecifically** break down bacterial cell walls

**sebaceous glands** of the skin secrete _____, which serves as **physical** barrier

oil (sebum)

what are the properties of fatty acids in sebum?

they are antimicrobial and nonspecific

what are cilia?

hair-like projections that sweep away unwanted invaders

stomach acid is an _____ barrier of the innate immune system, which _____ (specifically/nonspecifically) kills microbes with **low** **pH**

external; nonspecifically

_____ bacteria are allies that out-compete their more hostile relatives, and are an _____ (internal/external) barrier to infection

symbiotic; external

what are the steps of the **innate immune** response after the physical barriers are penetrated?

1. Alarm, enemy detected - activation of inflammatory response
2. Rally - recruitment of immune cells to site of injury
3. Battle - immune cells attack pathogens
4. Backup - activation of complement system

mast cells are a type of _____ that sits in tissues

leukocyte

injured tissue and mast cells work together to release _____

histamine

how does histamine function?

it dilates capillaries and makes their walls more permeable near injured vessels, which brings more blood to the injury

why is histamine's function essential?

it allows fluid and immune cells to leak out to the site of injury \n \n (inflammatory response)

what are the five signs associated with **inflammation**?

Swelling \n Loss of function \n Increased heat \n Pain \n Redness \n \n (SLIPR)

heat is an inflammatory sign, which results from _____ and _____

dilation of capillaries; increased blood flow

_____ is an inflammatory sign, which occurs due to the **dilation of capillaries**

redness \n \n (more blood = red color)

_____ is an inflammatory sign that occurs by **permeable capillaries**

swelling \n \n (fluid accumulation)

what causes sharp pain at the time of injury?

nerve endings

_____ is felt after the time of injury, and it is due to **inflammation**

slow, throbbing pain

what are the **indirect** outcomes of inflammation?

**loss of function** due to swelling and pain

_____ is a systemic response to hinder the growth of (or kill) pathogens

fever

_____ is the passage of leukocytes through the unruptured wall of a blood vessel during inflammation

diapedesis

what is chemotaxis?

the process of moving to a location in response to a chemical signal

what are the five types of leukocytes in order of abundance?

**(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)**

**Neutrophils** 

**Lymphocytes** 

**Monocytes/Macrophages** 

**Eosinophils**

**Basophils**

_____ are the most numerous leukocytes

**N**eutrophils (**N**ever)

**N**eutrophils (**N**ever) act as _____ in the _____ (innate/adaptive) immune system

phagocytes; innate

which **L**ymphocytes (**L**et) are innate and which are adaptive?

natural killer (NK) cells = innate; B and T cells = adaptive

_____ cells are innate **L**ymphocytes (**L**et) that attack and kill virus-infected cells, as well as cancerous body cells

natural killer (NK)

natural killer (NK) cells are innate **L**ymphocytes (**L**et) that do not require _____

activation

NK cells are innate **L**ymphocytes (**L**et) that secrete _____ & _____ to fight enemies

perforin; granzymes

which type of enzyme are granzymes and what do they stimulate?

proteases; apoptosis

why are granzymes important?

they eliminate virally infected and cancerous cells

a _____ is an enzyme that breaks down **peptides**

protease

_____ is programmed cell death

apoptosis

**M**onocytes (**M**onkeys) are a part of the _____ (innate/adaptive) response

innate \n \n (nonspecific)

**M**onocytes (**M**onkeys) are immature when they are in **blood vessels**; however, they mature into _____ once they cross over into an **infected tissue**

macrophages

what is the mechanism by which **M**onocytes (**M**onkeys) travel to infected tissue?

diapedesis

macrophages are mature **M**onocytes (**M**onkeys) that act as phagocytes and function as _____ to activate adaptive immunity

antigen-presenting cells

**E**osinophils (**E**at) are a part of the _____ (innate/adaptive) immune response

innate \n \n (non-specific)

**E**osinophils (**E**at) contain _____ in their cytoplasm, which can be released to kill pathogens (especially effective on parasites)

granules

which leukocyte is the least numerous?which leukocyte is

basophils bananas

**B**asophils (**B**ananas) contain _____ (like Eosinophils) and have a similar function to _____

granules; mast cells

what are the two important components of **B**asophil (**B**ananas) granules?

histamine; heparin

_____ is an **anticoagulant** component of **B**asophil (**B**ananas) granules, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly

heparin

**B**asophils (**B**ananas) are _____ (mature/immature) in the blood; mast cells are _____ (mature/immature) in the blood

mature; immature

dendritic cells use _____ to observe local environment

pinocytosis

**pinocytosis** is a type of endocytosis that is also known as _____

cellular drinking

\
(endo-/exocytosis are **active** transport mechanisms)

dendritic cells are part of the _____ (innate/adaptive) immune system, but they travel to **lymph nodes** to activate _____ (innate/adaptive) immunity

innate; adaptive \n \n (dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells)

when are interferons secreted?

when cells become infected by viruses

_____ binds to non-infected cells to warn and prepare for viral attack

interferon

interferon activates _____ cells, which further activate **adaptive** **immunity**

dendritic

the **complement system** contains a group of _____ that help the immune cells battle pathogens

blood plasma proteins

what is the mechanism of the cascade series of activation?

proteins "turn each other on" through the release of **cytokines** to amplify their effect

the complement proteins are activated by _____ (immunoglobulin)

IgG and IgM

what are three things the complement system can do when it is activated?

opsonization; stronger histamine release + more inflammation; membrane attack complex (MAC)

which system of immunity performs **opsonization**, and what does this process involve?

the complement system; protein tags the surface of invaders, making them more prone to phagocytosis

describe the effects of a **membrane attack complex (MAC)** created by the complement system:

poke holes in pathogen --> fluid and salts enter pathogen --> lysis

if innate immunity isn't sufficient to protect against pathogens, what supplements it?

adaptive immunity

_____ (innate/adaptive) immunity is a **specific** immune response for **specific** antigens, and it has _____

adaptive; memory

an _____ is a marker that helps distinguish between self and non-self cells

antigen

how does the body distinguish between self and non-self cells (in addition to antigens)?

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

all nucleated cells contain MHC class _____ molecules on their surface

1

which MHC class(es) is/are present on antigen presenting cells?

1 and 2

(True/False) individuals contain unique MHC 1 molecules

true \n \n exception: identical twins have the same MHC 1

why do transplant rejections occur?

different MHC 1 molecules will be labeled as a foreign antigen on the donor organ

transplant patients must take _____ on a life-long basis

immunosuppressants

in autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks _____

self-cells

_____ act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

macrophages and dendritic cells are _____

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

which MHC class(es) is/are present on macrophages and dendritic cells and why?

1 and 2; they are antigen presenting cells (APCs)

a(n) _____ is the section of an antigen that is recognized by immune cells

epitope

B and T cells are adaptive _____ (cell type)

**L**ymphocytes (**L**et)

what are the three main types of **L**ymphocytes (**L**et)?

NK cells (innate); B and T cells (adaptive)

B cells stay and mature in the _____, while T cells go and mature in the _____

**b**one marrow; **t**hymus

_____ are involved with antibody-mediated adaptive immunity (**humoral** **immunity**)

B cells

each B cell has one type of _____ that is specific for one type of antigen epitope

B cell receptor (BCR)

what happens after a B cell binds to an antigen?

it becomes activated and then divides to make copies of itself

describe the clonal selection model for B cells

B cells have unique BCRs to specific antigens. If those antigens are present, only the B cells with the BCR for antigen binding will amplify

what are the two types of cells that B cells can differentiate into?

plasma cells or memory B cells

what are plasma B cells responsible for?

releasing antibodies called immunoglobulins

plasma B cells circulate in the _____ and _____

blood; lymph

what is the difference between a B cell receptor (BCR) and an antibody?

one is part of a b-cell membrane, and an antibody is floatin around in yar blood

what are three things antibodies can do after they are released into the humor (body fluid)?

**tag** corresponding antigen for phagocytosis; **coat** the antigen in antibodies; **activate** the complement system

what is the shape and composition of an antibody (immunoglobulin)?

Y-shaped, consisting of a light chain and a heavy chain linked through disulfide bonds

describe the function of the **constant** **region** on an antibody immunoglobulin:

leads to the development of five major antibody/immunoglobulin classes \n \n (IgM; IgA; IgE; IgD; IgG)

describe the function of the **variable** **region** on an antibody/immunoglobulin:

different amino acid sequence for different antigen binding

what are the five classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins)

(Me And Eve Don't Go) \n \n IgM \n IgA \n IgE \n IgD \n IgG

IgM is a _____, and it is the _____ antibody

pentamer; largest

_____ is the first immunoglobulin made in response to an antigen

IgM

IgM activates the _____ (innate immunity)

complement system \n \n (IgG also activates the complement system of innate immunity)

_____ is a dimer that is abundant in body secretions

IgA

IgA provides _____ immunity to newborns (breastmilk)

passive

IgA stops pathogens _____ before they enter circulation

externally