Quiz 11: Cardiovascular/Cardiopulmonary Changes

Cardiovascular structural changes are of the - and -, Functional changes are to -/-/-/-

Heart and Vessels, Aerobic capacity/stroke volume/HR/cardiac output

Size of heart - because septum -, decreased # of myocytes but larger.

• Size increase especially at the - - (works harder)

Increases, Thickens

• Left Ventricle

Elasticity of the heart -, leading to - BP during -

Decreases, Increased, systole

Heart valves - and impair -.

SA node cells - in number, - HR. Can lead to implantation of -.

Calcify, closing

Decrease, reducing, pacemaker

Arteries thicken, dilate, and become rigid with age. Coronary arteries at -, Peripheral at -

20, 40

What are arteriosclerosis and athersclerosis?

Art: less compliant arteries (normal aging)

Ath: Fatty plaques in arteries

How is aerobic capacity determined?

• What factor can be increased with aerobic training?

CO=HR*SV

• SV

What are the two ways to find max HR (first underestimates for older adults)?

220-age OR 208-(.7*age)

Ventricular - and - - increase with age, HR remains -

Afterload and filling time, unchanged

For cardiopulmonary changes, the thorax becomes - and - and the ribs -. The muscles of inspiration lose - and -.

Short and wide, calcify. Strength and endurance

The alveoli lose - (- and -) with age, but total lung capacity does not change.

• With that said, what two things do change?

SA (# and size)

• Decreased vital capacity, increased residual volume

Peak VO2 starts declining when? When does it reach 65%?

Age 30-40, 70

As we age our peripheral cells have a diminished capacity to pull - from the bloodstream

O2

What is postural hypotension?

Decrease in BP when standing by 30+ mmHg

List the BP scale!

Normal: <120 and <80

Elevated: 120-129 and <80

Stage 1 HTN: 130-139 and 80-89

Stage 2 HTN: >140 and >89

Crisis: >180 and >120

What is heart failure and how is it caused?

Inadequate ventricular filling or pumping due to poor valve or ventricular muscle function 

List the four classes of HF!

Class I: No PA limitation

Class II: Slight PA limitation, uncomfortable with ordinary activity

Class III: Marked PA limitation, uncomfortable with less than ordinary activity

Class IV: Unable to carry out PA w/o discomfort

What are the ACSM guidelines for older adults?

150-300 min moderate aerobic (or 75-150 vigorous), strengthening 2x/wk, multicomponent PA, move more and sit less

How many times per week for aerobic capacity, strengthening, flexibity, balance?

5, 2-3, 2, 2-3